Hardening procedures for children of senior preschool age. Gymnastics after sleep

Every mother wants her baby to get sick less often and grow healthy and strong. But when they start attending kindergarten, most children begin to get sick without a break. One of the most effective ways to increase your baby’s resistance to viruses is to start hardening him. Pediatricians are sure: the sooner you start accustoming your child to environmental influences, the better. Today we will talk about the basic rules of hardening, find out where to start, what types of procedures exist and whether they have contraindications.

What is hardening

Procedures to strengthen the immune system are not just an occasional dousing with cold water. Hardening children is a whole range of activities that helps them gradually get used to irritating effects. Its goal is to teach the body to respond to changes in the external environment.

Our immunity, or more precisely, the barrier functions of the mucous membranes and skin, helps us stay healthy. Children's defense mechanisms against viruses are still imperfect. If a child is kept in “greenhouse” conditions, the body does not have to resist the effects of stress. The protective functions weaken, and the baby gets sick from the slightest breeze. With proper hardening, you can strengthen the body’s natural defense against viruses and “teach” it to withstand stress. It is important to know that a person becomes healthier not from the cold, but from gradually getting used to temperature changes.

Why do you need to harden your kids?

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of hardening for a growing organism. Preschool children who are not afraid of the cold get sick less, which means they develop better and communicate more with their peers. A seasoned child is unlikely to get sick while airing the room, from eating ice cream, or if he sweats during a walk.

Home hardening involves not only regular procedures, but sometimes also a change in lifestyle. Unfortunately, not all adults are ready to adapt to the new regime, but it is by our own example that we show the child what is good and what is bad.

And yet, hardening does not completely eliminate the possibility of ARVI. No matter how strong the immune system is, no person can be 100% immune from the effects of viruses. However, a hardened body will more easily tolerate an infection and cope with it faster.

Hardening rules

If you are determined to start strengthening your baby’s immunity, you need to act wisely. When choosing the appropriate way to accustom your child to temperature changes, follow a few general rules.

The main thing is attitude! No hardening manipulations should be carried out with an unprepared child. At the very least, the baby will get scared and cry, and you will lose your decisive spirit and, most likely, give up your attempts. Explain to the baby what you will do, tell at the simplest level why you need to toughen up. It is best to show by example that there is nothing terrible in cold water or air. And most importantly: do not do with your child anything that you are not ready to try on yourself. Not a single hardening specialist, teacher or pediatrician will tell you how a person feels when he is doused with cold water for the first time. You can only feel it for yourself.

Regularity of procedures. Often, parents successfully begin to harden their child, and the baby initially takes the procedures calmly. But over time, he begins to be capricious, cry, and refuse to perform seemingly habitual actions. It should be remembered that even a short break will nullify all your efforts. It is believed that after 7–10 days without procedures, the adaptation effect disappears. Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the chosen scheme if the baby is healthy and the cause of the whims is not poor health.

In this case, parents need to show resourcefulness and ingenuity: carry out procedures in a playful way, change the time, methods of hardening, etc. You, like no one else, know your child and will be able to find the right approach to him. Some children quickly fall asleep after hardening procedures, while others, on the contrary, become overexcited. It is better for the latter to transfer all manipulations to the morning hours to help wake up and recharge with vigor.

Gradualism. Start with a small area of ​​skin, preferably your feet or hands. Gradually increase the area and lastly move to the back and chest. Also increase the exposure time gradually. You need to start literally in a few seconds. A sure sign that everything is going well is the baby’s well-being and lack of anxiety.

Individual approach. During any procedure, do not blindly trust anyone’s advice (except your doctor); be sure to take into account the characteristics of your child. All children can be divided into several groups:

• conditionally healthy,
• with functional impairments,
• with chronic diseases,
• weakened and in the period after illness or injury,
• having a number of contraindications.

For children belonging to groups 3 and 4, the temperature of the air and water during hardening should be 2–4 degrees higher at each stage. The area of ​​influence on the skin also needs to be increased 2 times slower. Consultation with a pediatrician is required.

Complexity. Don't limit yourself to just one hardening method. If you choose cool water as an irritant, vary the techniques: use dousing, wiping, or a contrast shower. This approach will help maintain the child’s interest in the procedures and allow the body to adapt to a variety of external conditions.

The beginning of hardening a child should not occur at the moment when the baby is sick; it is also better to wait out the period of the flu epidemic, which usually takes place in January-February. Violation of these principles can lead to the most unpleasant consequences. At a minimum, your efforts will be in vain; if the outcome is unfavorable, you risk exhausting the body’s adaptive resources. The fact that you are doing everything right is indicated by the baby’s good mood, healthy sleep, and normal appetite.

Contrasting and non-traditional hardening.

Intensive (non-traditional) hardening methods include any methods in which there is at least short-term contact of a naked human body with snow, ice water, or subzero air.

There is sufficient experience in intensive hardening of young children in parental health clubs. However, there are practically no scientific studies indicating the possibility of using this type of hardening. Therefore, most authors dealing with the issues of hardening young children consider bathing children in ice water to be contraindicated.

There is contrast hardening as a transitional step between traditional and intensive hardening: contrast foot baths, contrast rubdown, contrast shower, sauna, Russian bath, etc. Contrast hardening is more effective than hardening only with cold. The most common method for children is contrast dousing of the feet (you cannot pour cold water on cold feet, the feet must first be warmed).

There are also so-called pharmacological methods of hardening - the use of immunostimulants that enhance interferon formation. Some authors recommend their use for the prevention of frequent respiratory diseases in young children. However, this issue has not been sufficiently studied, and the results of the therapeutic experience indicate that there is no effect of treatment with immunostimulants on the level and dynamics of respiratory morbidity.

Hardening stages

The hardening process can be divided into two periods:

• First stage. These are the first steps on the path to hardening, during which the body learns to respond to cold and develops a certain habit. At this time, the load should be increased gradually, in accordance with the chosen hardening method and the child’s well-being;
• supporting stage. During this period, the main efforts are aimed at maintaining the results obtained. A positive effect is achieved through regularity of procedures.

All hardening activities can be divided into general and special. General ones include maintaining a daily routine, hygiene standards, following the principles of proper nutrition, walking in the fresh air, and swimming. Following these simple rules is a proven means of increasing immunity and creating favorable conditions for the growth and development of a child. Special ones include more complex manipulations: hardening in air with the help of the sun and water procedures.

Air hardening

Air baths are the first hardening procedure that is indicated for children from birth. From the first days of life, infants are kept naked for several minutes at a temperature of +22...+24 °C. Then the procedure time is gradually increased.

This method of hardening is applicable not only to newborns. It is useful for children aged 3 years to remain in their panties at room temperature. You can keep the window open if the day is not too windy. Start hardening in the summer, a few minutes a day, gradually increasing the time of air baths. To start, leave your child wearing light pants and a T-shirt. The first air bath can last about 5 minutes. At this time, the child should actively play and move. Sitting motionless in front of the TV screen will not bring any benefits.

Make sure your baby doesn't get cold. Signs such as chills and goosebumps indicate that the stress is too great, you have increased the duration of the air bath too sharply or have greatly reduced the temperature compared to the usual one. The child's behavior and well-being will indicate when it is time to complete the procedure. Gradually, your baby will learn to judge for himself whether he is warm or cold, but for now you must keep the situation under control.

To prevent your child from freezing, think in advance about what you want to play with him. Physical exercises with a ball, small dumbbells or a hoop are especially useful. Regular dancing or jumping are also suitable, the main thing is that the baby has fun and interesting.

Room temperature. It is equally important to constantly maintain a suitable temperature in the room. Even indoors, you need to make sure that the child is not too hot. The temperature in the room where the baby is located should not exceed 24 °C, ideally 20–22 °C. It is necessary to ventilate the room more often. Children, especially preschoolers, are sensitive to the lack of fresh air. In a stuffy, hot room, they become lethargic, irritable, their appetite decreases, and sleep is disturbed. In warm weather, it is better to keep the windows slightly open at all times. During cold weather, use winter ventilation or open the window slightly and do not forget to thoroughly ventilate the rooms several times a day.

Hardening of preschool children

Hardening is an important element of a healthy lifestyle for a person at any age. But it is of particular importance for children whose bodies have not yet developed the ability to quickly adequately respond to sudden changes in environmental conditions. Children overheat and become hypothermic faster than adults, and are more sensitive to humidity (especially high humidity in the outside air - dampness), and ultraviolet rays. Children whose hardening began at an early age get sick less often and have an easier time adapting when entering kindergarten.

Let us list the basic principles of hardening:

• hardening must begin in a state of full health;
• the intensity and duration of hardening procedures should increase gradually, taking into account the child’s tolerance;
• the effect of hardening depends on the systematicity of its implementation;

Air hardening procedures are included in the normal daily routine:

• air baths when changing a child’s clothes and during morning exercises;
• sleep in a well-ventilated bedroom with access to fresh air (open transoms, windows);
• maintaining optimal temperature conditions in the room (temperature +18…20°C)
• daily walks in the fresh air for 3-4 hours in the fresh air in any weather train the child’s thermoregulatory mechanism, adapting it to fluctuations in temperature, humidity, and air movement;
• clothing should be light , not restrict movement, with a minimum content of artificial and synthetic materials;

During walks, monitor the child’s condition and regulate his physical activity. If he is sweating, he needs to be taken home and changed clothes. Remember that clothes drying on a child cause hypothermia.

Sun hardening begins with light-air baths in the shade of trees, then moves on to local sunbathing, leaving certain parts of the body, arms, and legs exposed. Sun hardening: the duration of the air bath in the first days is 2-3 minutes. Every day the exposure increases by 40 seconds, bringing the stay undressed to 15-20 minutes. The duration of baths gradually increases; they are carried out under the control of the child’s well-being. The child's head should be constantly protected from the sun's rays with a light-colored Panama hat. In the hot summer laziness, kids definitely need a drink. The best time to take a bath is from 10 to 11 am.

The most effective hardening method is water hardening . It should also be firmly established in the daily routine of preschool age in daily procedures:

• washing hands after sleeping or using the toilet with warm water and soap. Then - alternately washing your hands up to the elbows, face, neck, upper chest with warm and cool water;
• brushing your teeth followed by rinsing your mouth with cool water;
• gargling with boiled water after eating with a gradual decrease in its temperature from 36 to 22 ° C by 1 ° C every 5 days;

Special hardening water procedures include:

• wiping the body. Rubbing body parts (arms, chest, back) begins with dry rubbing until the skin is slightly red with a mitten or shaggy towel for 7-10 days. Then wet wipes are performed, the water temperature is reduced from 30...32 °C to room temperature by 1 °C every 2 days. The duration of the procedure is up to 3 minutes. At the end there is a dry rub;
• In order to harden preschoolers, you can use contrast dousing of feet with water . For weakened children who often suffer from acute respiratory infections, a gentle dousing regime is recommended, when they first pour warm water on their feet (+38...36°C), then +28°C and finish with warm water again. For healthy children, a higher contrast is recommended: +38 - +18 - +38 - +18°C. Finish the procedure with dry rubbing. Pouring is carried out from a jug or watering can with a perforated nozzle.
• you can use contrasting douches for the hands , the temperature regime is the same as when dousing the feet.
• general body douches are carried out with water from an initial temperature of +36°C, the duration of the first douche is 15 seconds. Subsequently, the water temperature gradually decreases by 1°C per week, and the duration increases to 35 seconds.
• The “Health Path” has proven itself well in terms of hardening:

1) rubber mat with spikes

2) mat

3) mat with spikes

4) ribbed board

5) rubber mat with stripes

6) box with pebbles

The first part is burlap, moistened with water 40C, cooled to 35-36C, followed by a towel;

The 2nd part is a runner without burlap, immediately a carpet runner.

In the event of a child’s illness, hardening procedures are resumed using a gentle regimen 1-2 weeks after complete recovery, depending on the nature of the disease. The water temperature should be 2-3 degrees higher than before the child became ill.

The most powerful hardening factor, harmoniously combining the pleasant and useful - swimming . Exercises on the water have a complex effect on the entire body, swimming strengthens it and hardens it.

Basic rules for hardening a child:

• You can start hardening at any time of the year.
• Hardening is effective only when it is carried out systematically; Without constant reinforcement, the results achieved decrease.
• You cannot sharply increase the duration and strength of hardening effects. Violation of the principle of gradualness can cause hypothermia and illness in the child.
• Hardening procedures cannot be started if the child is sick.
• The effectiveness of hardening procedures increases if they are carried out comprehensively.

The procedure should please the child and evoke positive emotions. Caution, gradualism, systematicity are three principles that must be strictly adhered to when hardening the child.

Water treatments

Water hardening is one of the most popular methods of strengthening the immune system. You can start the procedures at any time of the year, the main thing is that the room has the right temperature.

Rubdowns. This is the mildest hardening option, which has virtually no contraindications. Start by wiping with a soft, damp towel soaked in water at a comfortable temperature. To get started, take a look at the data in the table below. Gradually reduce the temperature by 1–2 °C. The duration of wiping should not exceed 2–4 minutes. After the procedure, the child should be dried with a towel until slightly red. Young children are first rubbed with a dry flannel, combining the procedure with an air bath. After two weeks, the diaper can be slightly moistened with warm water.

Air baths.

The first hardening procedure for an infant is air baths. It must be remembered that the air temperature in the room for a newborn baby should be 23°C, at the age of 1 to 3 months. — 21°С, from 3 months. up to 1 year - 20°C; over 1 year - 18°C. Infants have high energy costs and oxygen consumption (2.5 times more than adults), so it is necessary to ventilate the premises 4-5 times a day for 10-15 minutes. in winter, keep the windows open almost constantly in summer. Ventilation using a window or transom is carried out in the presence of children; the air temperature drops by 1 - 2°C, which is a hardening factor. It is advisable to carry out cross-ventilation when there is no child in the room. It is possible to use air conditioners and microclimate systems that automatically regulate temperature and humidity.

In the summer, newborns can be taken for a walk almost immediately after birth, initially for 20-40 minutes, quickly increasing the time to 6-8 hours a day.

In winter, children are first taken outside at the age of 2 - 3 weeks at an air temperature of at least -5 ° C for 15 - 20 minutes. and gradually increase exposure to air to 1.5 - 2 hours 2 times a day.

Air baths themselves begin to be carried out in the maternity hospital, when, when changing diapers, the child is left for a short time without clothes. Air baths should be carried out in a well-ventilated room at an air temperature of 20 - 22 ° C (for infants) and 18 - 19 ° C (for children 1 - 2 years old). Initially, the duration of the procedure is 1 - 2 minutes, every 5 days it increases by 2 minutes. and reaches up to 15 minutes (for children up to 6 months) and up to 30 minutes (after 6 months). Air baths must be combined with gymnastic exercises.

Approximate water temperature for rubbing, °C

Pouring water. The child may not like this procedure right away, so you need to get used to it gradually. First, pour warm water over your baby's arms and legs and immediately rub them with a towel. Gradually move on to dousing your back and chest. Reduce the temperature gradually, by 1–2 °C in 5–7 days. If the baby has trouble falling asleep, it is better to carry out this procedure in the first half of the day.

Cold and hot shower. If the child tolerates dousing well, you can move on to a more intensive method of hardening. A contrast shower is suitable for older, seasoned children who are not afraid of water and cold. If you have tried rubbing and dousing before, the baby’s blood vessels should already be sufficiently trained. First, teach your child that at the end of daily water procedures you will gradually reduce the temperature. For the first time, turn on cool water for just a couple of seconds and pour it on your baby’s feet. Gradually increase the procedure time to 10 seconds, then begin to gradually reduce the water temperature. Immediately rub the baby with a dry towel using light massaging movements. If you do everything correctly and smoothly, the baby will not feel discomfort from contact with cooler water. Avoid the appearance of goose bumps and do not pour cool water over a frozen child.

Contrasting temperatures. Alternate exposure to cold and hot water has a strong effect on the body. This hardening method is suitable for stronger children. More often they use contrast dousing of arms and legs, rubbing and showering. For example, water at a fixed temperature (38–39 °C) is poured into one basin, and 1–2 °C colder into another. First you need to immerse your legs in hot water (for 1-2 minutes), then in cold water for 5 seconds. The procedure is repeated 3-5 times, after which the legs are wiped with a towel. Once every 5–7 days, the temperature in the second basin is lowered by a degree, gradually bringing it to 18 °C. For stronger children, you can complete the procedure with cold water; for weakened children, it is better to warm their feet in warm water at the end.

Pool. It is difficult to overestimate the benefits of swimming in open water in the summer. And in the cold season, to strengthen the immune system, it is useful to enroll your child in the pool. It’s better to start in the spring or summer so that the baby doesn’t get cold when going out into the cold after training. Water activities are beneficial for children of any age. Now mothers can choose a swimming pool with a small bathtub, where babies are trained almost from birth.

Swimming helps not only in the fight against viruses. Children who regularly exercise in the pool have correct posture, strong muscles and blood vessels. They regularly train the respiratory system, so it is easier to tolerate ARVI. Swimming relieves muscle and emotional tension, disciplines and strengthens character.

Bath and sauna. Children from 3-4 years old can visit the steam room. You need to start going to the bathhouse very carefully, gradually increasing the time you stay. A baby at this age cannot yet assess his well-being and will not be able to report in time that he has become too hot. The temperature should not exceed 80 °C; for the first time you can stay in the steam room for no more than 3–5 minutes. It is enough for the baby to visit the steam room, take a shower and relax. At the same time, the rest time is twice as long as the time for visiting the steam room.

There are contraindications for hardening in a Russian bath and sauna:

• elevated temperature;
• rash, skin irritation;
• respiratory diseases;
• convulsions;
• head injuries;
• kidney disease;
• urinary tract diseases;
• disruption of the endocrine system.

Hardening technique in kindergartenconsultation

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution

kindergarten No. 56 “Severyanochka”

Hardening technique in kindergarten

Physical education instructor:

Moiseeva Yulia Dmitrievna

Nizhnevartovsk

System of hardening measures

The basis of hardening is training the body to tolerate it. Hardening of preschool children in preschool educational institutions consists of a system of activities that include elements of hardening in everyday life, which are included in routine moments and special events: air baths, sunbathing, water procedures, properly organized walks, are part of physical education classes.

When hardening is carried out correctly:

1. The child’s body’s resistance to changing environmental conditions and contrasting changes in its individual factors increases.
2. The body's resistance to disease increases.
3. General physical and neuropsychic development is stimulated.
4. The child's endurance to physical and mental stress increases.

Basic principles and means of hardening

Since ancient times, the main and most effective means of hardening have been the natural forces of nature: the sun, air and water.

The purpose of physical influence is to educate healthy, persistent, courageous people, active builders of a communist society and fearless defenders of the Motherland. Hardening the children's body serves the same purpose.

Hardening is most often considered as a process of adaptation of the body to changing weather and climate conditions. But when we talk about hardening as a means of physical education, we mean not only the adaptation of the body that occurs under the influence of unfavorable conditions. Hardening should be considered as a conscious application in a certain system of measures that increase the body's resistance, developing the ability to quickly and without harm to health be applied to various environmental conditions. Hardening should begin from early childhood and continue throughout life, modifying the forms and methods of its use depending on age. The health benefits of air, sunbathing, and water procedures are undeniable. Hardened children get sick less and tolerate diseases more easily. The availability of hardening agents lies in the fact that they are always at hand, the main thing is that they can be used in one form or another, at any time of the year, in any conditions. They do not require complex equipment and special rooms; the methods of their use in skillful hands are not difficult.

When hardening, one must be guided by certain principles, such as: gradualism, systematicity, taking into account the individual characteristics of the child. If these principles are not followed, then hardening will be random.

You cannot place too many demands on an unprepared body; it may not be able to cope with them. Compliance with the principle of gradualism is especially important for children, since the child’s body does not yet have much resistance. For the effect of hardening to occur, it is necessary to gradually increase the load.

You cannot interrupt ongoing activities. But systematicity is needed not only in holding this or that special event. If all the activities are carried out, but the children do not walk much, dress too warmly, not in accordance with the weather, then hardening cannot be considered complete. Hardening should be carried out systematically, preferably from birth and continue throughout life. It is also necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the child. There are sensitive children; more gentle means of hardening are used for them, or more gradually, carefully, but it is not advisable to completely abandon hardening means. Children should take an active part in hardening activities and know the order of their implementation.

The interest of children is also of great importance. The personal example of adults is also of great importance: if adults themselves are afraid of the cold and do not like walking, they are unlikely to be able to raise their children to be hardened.

"WATER"

Water is a generally accepted means of hardening. The advantage of water over other means of hardening is that water procedures are easy to dose.

The principle of gradualism is easiest to maintain when using water: you can take water at the temperature that is needed in this case, gradually reducing it.

When carrying out water procedures with children of preschool age, the following rules should be adhered to: 1. It is necessary that children approach the water with a warm body, and it is necessary that the temperature in the room where this occurs must correspond to that accepted for a given age, and also that children did not have to wait long for their turn. 2. It is necessary to monitor the timely appearance of skin redness. If this reaction is delayed, it is necessary to promote its onset by thoroughly rubbing the skin with a towel “until it turns red.” 3. The colder the water, the shorter the time of its “contact with the body” should be.

There are several separate methods of water hardening:

1. Rubbing is the most gentle of all water procedures. It can be used at all ages, starting from infancy. Wiping is carried out with a cloth soaked in water, the fabric of which must satisfy the following conditions: absorb water well, not be too soft. It is advisable that the mittens are well moistened, but water should not drip from them. After drying, the body is rubbed with a dry towel. Rubbing is accompanied by a light massaging effect, and massage is always done from the periphery to the center, so the limbs must be wiped from the bottom up (arms from the hand, legs from the foot). Temperature drops by one degree after 2-3 days. 2. Dousing - can be local or general. Local dousing: dousing the feet, most often used in nurseries and junior groups. The initial water temperature is +30, then brought to +18, and in older groups to +16. The time of pouring the legs is 20-30 seconds. General dousing should be started at a higher temperature, mainly in children, and in the autumn-winter period it should be organized so that the water covers the largest possible surface of the body, the back, then the chest and stomach, then the right and left sides. After finishing, rub with a towel. Time under the stream is 20-40 seconds. A shower is more powerful than a simple douche. The water from the shower has a massaging effect and feels warmer than even pouring water. 3. Swimming is carried out in natural conditions, that is, in reservoirs (river, lake, sea) in the summer - this is one of the best ways to harden. You can bathe children from an early age, starting at a temperature of +24 - 26 air and not lower than +22 water; more seasoned children can be bathed at a temperature of +19 - 20 water. The duration of stay in water increases from 1-2 minutes to 5-8 minutes. There should always be some movement after bathing.

Bathing is contraindicated for children with heart disease, diseases of the postures, renal pelvis, children who have recently suffered from pleurisy, pneumonia.

In each individual case, the question of using bathing is decided by doctors.

"AIR"

Air is a medium that constantly surrounds a person. It comes into contact with the skin - directly or through the fabric of clothing and with the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Among the special air hardening measures used in kindergartens are: sleeping in the air, in cold weather, and air baths. In kindergarten we use air mode.

"SUN"

The hardening effect of the sun is unique. The sun is a powerful hardening agent. The sun's rays have a general strengthening effect on the body, increase metabolism in the body, health and sleep become better, and the skin better regulates heat exchange. But the sun can also have a negative effect. Therefore, this procedure must be approached very carefully. Sunbathing is especially beneficial for younger children, but an individual approach is important. Sunbathing should be done while moving, but games should be of a calm nature. Sunbathing increases gradually:

- in younger groups up to 20-25 minutes.

- in older groups up to 30-40 minutes.

It is better to take sunbathing from 8 to 9 o'clock and from 15 to 16 o'clock. You should start after eating, so that at least an hour and a half passes, and half an hour before the start of the meal. We must be wary of overheating. We need light-colored Panama hats. If the child is overheated, cover his face with a towel, take him to the shade, wash him, and give him water.

In kindergarten, hardening is carried out by including elements of hardening in the daily life of children and carrying out special hardening measures. Hardening into the daily routine of everyday life comes down to the following:

a) creating the habit of extensive use of fresh outdoor air indoors;

b) rational clothing;

c) prolonged exposure to air, regardless of the weather; d) developing the habit of cold water.

The use of hardening varies somewhat depending on the time of year and the age of the children.

All hardening procedures must be carried out daily. Rubbing and dousing are carried out after sleep, strictly under the supervision of medical workers.

Hardening of children of early and primary preschool age

Water procedures are introduced gradually. In the first junior group they are taught to rinse your mouth, wash your hands up to the elbows, neck, upper chest with cool water, and walk on wet paths.

The following scheme is used:

1st junior group:

1st quarter: gradual training in rinsing the mouth, elements of extensive washing as the adaptation period progresses, walking barefoot, air baths after sleep and during daily physical education.

Quarter 2: walking on wet paths for 15 to 20 seconds, washing extensively.

Quarter 3: walking on wet paths for up to 1 minute, extensive washing.

Quarter 4: sun and air baths, extensive washing.

2nd junior group:

1st half of the year: walking on wet paths for up to 1.5 to a minute during gymnastics after sleep, learning the elements of extensive washing.

2nd half of the year: games on wet paths for up to 2 - 2.5 minutes, extensive washing after daytime exercises.

Hardening of children of middle and senior preschool age

Middle group:

1. Sleep in the fresh air.

2. Air-contrast hardening.

3. Extensive washing after a nap.

4. Pouring feet with cool water (+18 degrees C) - 4th quarter.

5. Rinse your mouth with cool water after a nap.

6. Walking barefoot.

Senior and preparatory school groups:

1. Sleep in the fresh air.

2. Air-contrast hardening.

3. Extensive washing after morning exercises and afternoon sleep.

4. Pouring feet with cool water (+18 degrees C) - 4th quarter.

5. Rinse your mouth with cool water after a nap, after eating.

6. Walking barefoot.

Methodology of hardening measures

Extensive washing

We use this method in groups for children aged 4 to 7 years.

Wiping is done with a mitten soaked in water, the fabric of which must satisfy the following conditions: absorb water well, not be too soft. It is advisable that the mittens are well moistened, but water should not drip from them. After drying, the body is rubbed with a dry towel. Rubbing is accompanied by light massaging movements, and the massage is always done from the periphery to the center, in the following sequence:

on the count “1” - rub the chest in a circular motion clockwise;

on the count “2” - wipe the hands up to the shoulder from bottom to top;

count “3” - rub your legs in the direction from the foot to the knee;

on the count “4” - at the same time we wipe our neck with both hands in the direction from the back of the head to the chin;

on the count of “5” - wipe your face and ears.

At the end of the wet wiping, the child’s body is rubbed with a dry towel until slightly reddened.

At the beginning of learning this hardening procedure, children are helped by adults (teacher, assistant teacher, nurse). Next, children complete all stages independently.

This method of hardening can not be carried out on days of training in the pool.

Walking on wet paths

For this hardening method, three tracks of coarse fabric (burlap, sackcloth, etc.) 0.4 m wide and 1.5 m long are used. One of them is moistened in a 10% solution of table salt (1 kg of salt per bucket of water) at room temperature. . The other one in clean water is the same t. The third track remains dry. The paths are laid out on the floor in the following sequence: a “salty” path, a path moistened with plain water and a dry one.

Children shuffle along one by one along all the paths. The passage can be repeated 2-3 times and combined with walking on a ribbed board or along the “Health Path”.

The “Health Track” is a blanket made of easily washable fabric with small objects sewn onto it: buttons, beads, braided ropes, cords and other bulky items that are safe for the child. You can use a grass-type bath mat. Such paths are used to prevent flat feet and are active irritants of the receptors located on the child’s foot.

Walking barefoot

Technically, the simplest non-traditional hardening method is at the same time a good means of strengthening the arch of the foot and ligaments. We start walking barefoot at a floor temperature of at least +18. First, this is done in socks for 4-5 days, then completely barefoot for 3-4 minutes. We increase the procedure time by 1 minute daily and bring it to 20-25 minutes. The procedure is very physiological and well tolerated by children of any age. That's why we do it from an early age.

Mouth rinse

It is carried out with boiled water at room temperature after each meal. It is an excellent remedy for preventing diseases of the teeth and oral mucosa. Mouth rinsing is carried out from 3-4 years.

Children 4-5 years old and older can be taught to gargle. Daily gargling in the morning after sleep and in the evening before bed with clean boiled water at room temperature is a very effective means of preventing sore throats, proliferation of tonsils and adenoids.

For each rinse, use approximately 1/2 - 1/3 glass of water, and the “gurgling” of water in the throat should continue for as long as possible, for which, before taking water into your mouth, take a deep breath and throw back your head so that the water flows into the pharynx, exhale very slowly and continuously through the mouth. For control, it is more convenient to say “ah-ah!” in a voice.

Sleeping in the fresh air

The healing effect of air should also be used during daytime sleep.

During sleep, the child needs thermal comfort, which is achieved by selecting clothes that correspond to the air temperature in the room. The temperature in the bedroom gradually decreases from +18 to +15 degrees C. Type of clothing: long-sleeved flannel shirt or pajamas, a warm blanket.

During sleep, to maintain the desired air temperature, open transoms and windows on one side. Close them 20-30 minutes before the children rise.

In the warm season, during sleep, light underwear with short sleeves is worn, and in the summer, on hot days, children can sleep in shorts. The room in which children sleep should be ventilated.

There should be a thermometer in the bedroom to measure the air temperature.

Pouring feet

A chair, two buckets of water and a ladle are placed in the footwash. The floor is covered with a rug or blanket. The child sits on a chair, scoops up water with a ladle and pours it on one foot, then the other, wipes his feet dry with a towel (3rd quarter).

As he gets used to it (4th quarter), the child already wets his lower leg and foot. Each leg uses 2 buckets of water.

Note: Dousing the legs (feet) should not be done until the child learns to properly dry and then vigorously rub the feet.

Literature

1. V.G. Alyamovskaya “How to raise a healthy child”, Moscow, 1993.
2. Modern methods of hardening children in preschool institutions. Information mail. Ivanovo, 1991
3. N.N. Usov “Healthy Child”, Minsk, 1994.

Let's harden ourselves in the sun

The sun, air and water are your faithful helpers in strengthening your baby’s immunity. Recently, solar activity has increased many times. This is due to the process of destruction of the ozone layer, which has become weaker in protecting us from ultraviolet radiation. Because of this, many mothers are afraid to walk with their baby in the sun, especially during the hot season. At the same time, many children are deficient in vitamin D, which is produced in the body precisely due to exposure to the sun. Therefore, try to take your child for a walk not only in the evening, but also in the morning. In summer, you need to be careful - between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. it is better to stay at home or be in the shade. You need to be especially careful if your child has fair skin; such babies burn easily even in partial shade. The baby must wear a hat, preferably in light colors.

Sun hardening has a number of contraindications:

• increased body temperature;
• acute period of the disease;
• irritation, skin rash;
• blood diseases.

Traditional methods

The standard system of hardening children includes the following stages.

• From birth to 3 months: daily general baths in water at a temperature of 36–37 °C;
• dousing after a bath with water at a temperature of 34–36 °C;
• washing starting at a temperature of 28 °C with a gradual decrease to 20 °C;
• wiping with a dry diaper;
• wiping with a damp towel at a temperature of 33–36 °C (hands and feet only), with a decrease in temperature by 1 degree every five days (minimum 28 °C).

After 3 years, the duration of procedures should correspond to the table.

Duration of strengthening procedures for children 3–8 years old

Hardening lesson plan (preparatory group)

Summary of gymnastics after a nap with hardening activities in the preparatory group “Hello, sunshine in the window”

Goal: to promote a gradual transition from sleep to wakefulness. Carry out preventive work to strengthen the arch of the foot and form correct posture. Improve your walking, running and outdoor skills at a general pace. Continue to learn to monitor your breathing. Strengthen children's health. Cultivate a conscious attitude towards maintaining and strengthening your health.

Equipment: preventive paths, 3 basins, thermometer, blankets, individual towels.

^ Progress: to the sound of classical music, children wake up and do exercises in bed.

Exercise 1: “Eyes wake up.”

We rub our eyes lightly, and then we yawn sweetly.

IP: lying on your back, arms along your body. 1-4 lightly stroke your closed eyes, 5-8 make a relaxing yawning sound. D – 8. T – slow.

^ 2 exercise: “The head woke up”

We almost woke up and smiled at each other.

IP: lying on your back with your arms along your body. 1-2 – turn the head on the pillow to the right, 3-4 – i.p., 5-6 – turn the head on the pillow to the left, 7-8 – i.p. smile at each other when you turn your head. D – 8. T – slow.

^ 3 exercise: “Hands woke up”

We stretched a little, Hello sunshine in the window!

IP: lying on your back with your arms along your body. 1 – raise your right hand up, 2-3 – pull your right hand up, 4 – lower your right hand onto the bed, the same for the left hand. D – 8. T – average.

^ 4 exercise: “Legs woke up”

We also want to stretch and completely, completely wake up.

IP: the same. 1 – raise the right leg straight up, 2-3 – pull the right leg, 4 – lower the right leg, the same for the left leg. D – 8. T – average.

^ 5 exercise: “The legs are completely awake.”

We'll shake our legs and count to three.

I.p.: lying on your stomach with support on your elbows, gently support your chin with your palms. 1-8 – alternately bend and straighten your knees. D – 8. T – average.

^ 6 exercise: “We get up to wash, let’s go”

We go to wash, we go to get dressed - Very friendly guys! La la la la la la! That's how we are friends!

IP: standing by the beds. 1-4 – march in place for the last words, stretch your arms forward straight, with your thumb up. D – 6. T – average.

Children walk along the “health” paths laid out between the rows of beds and run to a group where the air temperature is 6 degrees lower than in the bedroom, run 2 laps around the perimeter of the carpet, start walking and restore their breathing. ORU is performed on the carpet to prevent poor posture.

^ 1 exercise: “Eyes” (kinesiological)

Let your eyes look more sharply - Let’s rub them barely.

Massage the upper and lower eyelids without closing your eyes for 1 minute.

^2 exercise: “Let’s grow big”

I.p.: feet width apart. 1-2 – raise your arms forward – up, straightening your back, and rise on your tiptoes. 3-4 IP, 5-6 - move your arms as far down as possible - back, turning your palms forward, put your right (left) leg back on the toe and bend your back, 7-8 - IP. D – 8. T – slow.

^3 exercise: “Bend over”

I.p.: feet shoulder-width apart. 1-2 – tilt your torso forward, arching your back and moving your outstretched arms to the sides, keeping your head straight. 3-4 – i.p. D – 8 T – medium.

^ 4 exercise: “Let’s sit down”

IP: heels together, toes apart, hands on the belt. 1-2 do a squat with your knees wide and your arms moving to the sides. 3-4 i.p. D – 6. T average.

^5 exercise: “Bend your leg.”

I.p.: feet hip-width apart, arms along the body. 1- bend the right leg at the knee, pulling the thigh to the stomach, 2-p., the same with the left leg. D – 8. T – average.

Exercise 6: “Hug your friends”

IP: feet shoulder-width apart, arms along the body. 1-spread your arms to the sides, bringing your shoulder blades together, 2-hug yourself, 3-spread your arms to the sides, 4 i.p. D – 8. T – average.

^7 exercise: “Scissors”

I.p. feet together, hands on shoulders. Scissor jumps

D – 10-10-10. T – fast.

Exercise 8: “Wings” (breathing exercise)

We have wings instead of hands, This is how we fly - the highest class.

IP: legs slightly apart, arms along the body. 1 – raise your arms up through your sides – inhale, 2 – lower your arms down – exhale. D – 4. T – slow.

On the outside of the foot, the children return to the bedroom, a game is played: “Collect with your feet.” The teacher scatters corks on the floor, the children collect the corks with their toes and put them in a basket.

Now run, run, for a big, big ball.

^ The second time, the children run out into the ventilated group and return to the bedroom. The game is played: “Hold the ball”

Children form a circle, in the center of which stands the driver with the ball. The driver takes turns rolling the ball with his foot to each of those standing in the circle. The one who got the ball must quickly stop it with his foot and push it back to the driver.

I'm running after the ball and I'll catch up with the turtle

Children run normally into the group and then start walking, restoring their breathing. Returning to the bedroom, contrast water hardening is carried out, and the feet are rubbed with a towel. A “Turtle” back massage is carried out. The guys stand in a column, or in two columns, and massage each other.

A turtle went for a swim and bit everyone out of fear, bite-bite-bite. I’m not afraid of anyone.

(when repeating a quatrain, different actions are performed, always from bottom to top)

• Pat on the back.
• Fist tapping.
• Tapping with the edges of the palms.
• Stroking.

HARDENING EVENTS IN COMBINATION WITH PHYSICAL EXERCISES

1. Air baths provide direct exposure to air on the bare surface of the skin during children’s physical activity. The most appropriate and natural type of such an air bath is morning exercises, carried out outdoors and indoors with open windows and transoms. In addition, children receive air baths during physical education classes outdoors and indoors as prescribed by a doctor, mainly in the senior and preparatory school groups. Physical education classes and morning exercises, which include air baths, have their own characteristics. When they are carried out indoors, the air temperature gradually decreases every 2-3 days with the same gradual lightening of the children’s clothing. This is carried out as directed by the doctor, taking into account the health status of the children and with an individual approach to each of them.

Available research by teachers and the experience of many kindergartens confirm the high results of such systematic classes: children’s health improves, colds and infectious diseases are reduced, and a certain amount of endurance is developed.

2. Water activities - rubbing, dousing. The basis for prescribing these procedures by a doctor is taking into account the individual characteristics and health status of children. During water procedures, active behavior of the child is advisable and desirable.

During wiping, which consists of light massaging movements in the direction from the periphery to the center, children learn to act on their own with the help of a wrung-out mitten. Standing in a circle or semicircle, they simultaneously wipe their chest, shoulders and arms, and after that, turning in the opposite direction, they pass their mitten to the children standing behind them, and each of them wipes the back of their friend. Thus, in the process of wiping, the child is in motion, does not freeze and receives the necessary life skills under the guidance of the teacher.

The effect of dousing on the child’s body is stronger than the previous procedure. The flow of water refreshes the body, raises muscle tone, activates their work, stimulates the nervous system, and causes vigor. The child turns, exposing his back, chest, sides, stomach, and arms under the pouring water. In addition, he can make movements associated with the flow of water, lightly rubbing his body, splashing. At the end of the procedure, all children thoroughly dry their bodies under the supervision of a teacher.

3. Sunbathing. The sun has a beneficial effect on the child’s body, strengthening its general condition and improving metabolic processes. The most useful are ultraviolet rays, which have a bactericidal effect (stopping the development of bacteria), antirachitic (improving the activity of the nervous system, increasing metabolic processes, strengthening the musculoskeletal system), erythemal (increasing blood flow and causing redness of the skin, turning into a tan). Such a diverse effect of the sun on a child’s body requires special care. With excessive use of sunbathing, children may experience negative effects (excitement and sleep disturbance, sudden dilation of blood vessels, deterioration of blood composition, etc.). Therefore, in children's institutions, sunbathing should be carried out only in accordance with the doctor's prescription, with mandatory consideration of the individual characteristics of the children.

The experience of the best kindergartens confirms that the systematic hardening of a child should begin from an early age and be carried out regularly until the last days of the child’s stay in a child care institution, only then it acquires a habitual character. The main condition for this is consistency in the work of teaching, medical and technical personnel, as well as establishing contact with parents.

System of hardening measures

The purpose of hardening is to train the body’s defenses and develop the ability to quickly adapt to new conditions.

The main task: to implement an integrated approach to improving the health of a preschooler with the help of nature, taking into account the level of his individual health while actively involving the child in the process of his formation.

Hardening of preschool children in preschool educational institutions consists of a system of activities that include elements of hardening in everyday life, which are included in routine moments and special events: air baths, sunbathing, water procedures, properly organized walks, are part of physical education classes.

When organizing hardening, it is necessary to follow a number of rules and principles of hardening in order to achieve the greatest effect from its implementation.

1. The effect on the body of an irritating factor should be gradual. This principle is very important, since the child’s body does not have much resistance and the use of strong irritants, without preliminary, gradual preparation, can lead to negative results. Hardening children will give the best results if a strict dosage is established and irritation is gradually increased. It is best to start hardening in the warm season.

2. The sequence of application of hardening procedures. First, air baths should be carried out, and then you can move on to water and solar baths.

3. It is necessary to be systematic when carrying out hardening. With systematic hardening, the body's response accelerates and improves. A habit to a stimulus is formed only if this stimulus acts continuously for a more or less long time. If hardening procedures are carried out randomly, with interruptions, then the child’s body will not have time to get used to the action of cool air, water, solar radiation, and will not be able to consolidate the results obtained.

4. The complexity of the hardening measures carried out must be observed, then the body is fully hardened. Hardening activities should be combined with physical activity of children, gymnastic exercises, spending time in the fresh air, maintaining a daily routine...

5. When carrying out hardening procedures, the principle of individuality is of great importance (age of the child, state of his health, level of hardening, gender). All children in relation to hardening can be divided into three groups: 1- healthy children, previously hardened (since these are already hardened children, they can use any hardening measures, even intensive ones); 2- healthy children who have started hardening for the first time, or children who have functional abnormalities in their health; 3- having chronic diseases or pronounced deviations in the functional state. This category includes children who are often ill (this is gentle hardening, most applicable in preschool institutions).

6. A prerequisite for carrying out hardening procedures is a positive emotional reaction to the procedure. Nothing will work if the child is crying or tired from previous activities. It is important to create a favorable environment, create play motivation in combination with music, and set the child up to have fun, gain vigor and feel great. The role of an adult is important. He must be a role model to achieve the main goal - improving the health of students.

There are a number of contraindications when hardening in kindergarten is not recommended for a child, namely:

• if five days have not yet passed since the illness or preventive vaccination,

• if two weeks have not yet passed since the exacerbation of a chronic disease,

• elevated temperature in the child in the evening,

• the child's fear of hardening.

We carry out hardening through the complex influence of natural factors (sun, air, water)

Sun hardening

In summer, the most effective measure for hardening the body of children is the use of sunbathing. It is carried out in a sunlit area with a short stay of 5-6 minutes a day; as the tan appears, the duration of exposure to the sun does not increase, but during the day it can be 40-50 minutes. It is best to sunbathe early in the morning or in the evening after 16:00; At this time, the spectrum of sunlight contains the largest number of ultraviolet rays and the smallest number of infrared rays (carrying heat and burning). In urban conditions, in the second half of the day the air is the most dusty and polluted - therefore, for children, sunbathing remains favorable in the morning.

The sun's rays have a beneficial effect on the body only when used correctly, otherwise they can cause harm. The child’s head must be covered with a hat and drinking regime must be observed.

Air hardening is the most accessible means of hardening, which is suitable for all children. Air baths help improve metabolism, increase appetite, and normalize sleep. Depending on the air temperature, they are distinguished: warm - from 20 and above, cool - 16-19 and cold baths - 15 and below. Warm air baths are the most tolerable. Air hardening should begin with them. When taking cool and cold air baths, you need to actively move - walk or do exercises.

The daily routine of the preschool educational institution is aimed at hardening the child’s body.

Children are admitted to kindergarten every day from May to September outside. Morning exercises are also carried out outside. In the cold season - in the gym in a lightweight uniform at a temperature not exceeding 19°

Before daytime sleep, we carry out a special contrasting air hardening, its meaning is to create a pulsating microclimate, which is created by periodically moving the players from a warmer room to a colder one and vice versa (game technique “Birds Migration”, “Planes”, “Centipede”, “Train” " etc). The number of movements from one room to another should be at least 5-6 times, staying in each room for 1 - 1.5 minutes. It is very important to use rhythmic music to accompany the procedure, which has a positive effect on the emotional tone of children. Children who have had acute respiratory infections undergo hardening for one week at half the specified time, children's clothing is individually gentle (socks, T-shirts).

Daytime naps take place without shirts. Performing gymnastics in bed and making beds in panties also helps to harden the child’s body.

One of the forms of hardening is walking barefoot, as a form of mechanical and thermal acupressure of the feet, which reflexively improves the activity of the vessels of the upper respiratory tract.

You should start walking barefoot on hot, sunny days, on well-cleaned soil (pebbles, gravel, sand, grass, gradually increasing the time from 2-3 minutes to 10-12 minutes or more. Walking barefoot on the site is allowed when the air temperature is at least 20 –22°.

Then we teach children to walk barefoot and indoors (initially in socks) at a floor temperature of at least 18°. They start with 2–3 minutes (before napping, they are allowed to walk to their bed on the floor barefoot, increasing this time by 1 minute per day and gradually increasing it to the duration of a full playing physical education hour.

An air shower as an innovative hardening method can be used in kindergarten.

One of the reasons for colds in children may be their instability to drafts. Tempering children over 5 years old with an air shower develops their resistance to drafts. A shower is air at room temperature, and a draft brings air at a lower temperature.

Mass air showers are carried out from household table or floor fans during physical education classes or game hour. The only requirement is that children should not be constantly exposed to the air stream. This is achieved either by a certain operation of the fan, or by playing games with children actively moving around the room, during which they enter the air shower area for short periods of time.

Since active game activities or sports relay races take up only part of the time of a physical education lesson, an air shower is used only during them.

Water hardening

Water procedures stimulate the nervous system, so they should be performed after morning or afternoon sleep. Wiping the skin after any water procedure with a dry towel provides a good massage, promotes better blood circulation, and therefore nutrition.

Traditional water procedures that are carried out in kindergartens are wiping, dousing, bathing. In addition to traditional ones, you can use special water hardening methods.

Before morning exercises, gargling with boiled water is carried out. This is a very effective means for hardening the nasopharynx: preventing sore throats, proliferation of tonsils and adenoids. The game exercise “Cuckoo” is carried out with musical accompaniment. For each rinse, use approximately 1/2 - 1/3 cup of water. The initial water temperature is 23-28°, lowering it by 1-2° every week and gradually bringing the water to room temperature.

After physical education classes, water applications are carried out - patting the friend’s arms, chest, and back with the palm. Without drying themselves with a towel, children perform musical-rhythmic and dance exercises to the music, then get dressed.

In the summer, we use a shower for hardening purposes. A shower has a stronger effect than, for example, dousing or wiping, since here the effect of jet pressure is added to the temperature factor. Water flowing from the shower under pressure has a massaging effect. The water from the shower feels warmer than water of the same temperature when doused or rubbed. Water temperature that does not cause a feeling of cooling at first (approximately +36+37 degrees) with a gradual decrease with careful monitoring of the children’s reaction. But for this procedure, the temperature decrease occurs slowly. This raises the tone of the muscular system, increases efficiency, gives vigor, and helps increase energy.

Gargling with cool water and lowering its temperature is a method of preventing nasopharyngeal diseases. Children of senior preschool age know how to gargle and begin these procedures at a water temperature of +36-37C. The water temperature is reduced every 2-3 days by 1C and brought to 20-22C in order to achieve a hardening effect.

Walking barefoot is also an unconventional hardening method, which is also a good way to strengthen the arches of the foot and its ligaments. Since walking barefoot is a means of hardening, it is necessary to be guided by the principles of gradualness and systematicity.

You need to start walking barefoot in the room, first for 1 minute and add 1 minute every 5-7 days, bringing the total duration to 8-10 minutes daily. Walking barefoot is recommended in all age groups.

Intensive methods

Some parents practice more intense exposure to cold. Such methods of hardening children usually involve wiping them with snow and dousing them with ice water. Pediatricians recommend treating such recommendations with caution and accustoming your baby to hardening gradually. Otherwise, you can not only overcool the child, but also reduce the protective properties of the body. And under no circumstances should you practice swimming in ice water or winter swimming with infants.

Middle group. Junior preschool age. Children 4 - 5 years old

Hardening of children in the middle group of kindergarten TYPES OF HARDENING IN THE DAY MODE OF A PRESIDENTIAL INDUSTRY IN THE Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education (FSES)

Particular importance is given to
hardening the body . Miklyaeva N.M. notes that one of the factors in raising healthy children is the organization of the correct regime...
Project “Hardening of children of primary preschool age in preschool conditions” INTRODUCTION Relevance. Health acquired in the preschool period of childhood serves as the foundation for overall development and retains its importance in subsequent years. The state of physical health of children , without exaggeration, is the health of the nation, the future of the state. Currently…

Doctor Komarovsky's opinion

The famous doctor Komarovsky, who gives advice on children's health issues on television, believes that a newborn child does not need special hardening manipulations. It has natural defense mechanisms that just need to be supported with appropriate care. Komarovsky recommends:

• do not bundle up babies;
• create temperature contrasts;
• do not be afraid of drafts;
• walk more in any weather;
• maintain a suitable temperature in the room;
• humidify the air and ventilate the room more often.

If these conditions are met, the baby will be able to grow up healthy without being doused with cold water and walking barefoot in the snow. If, from an early age, the baby was in a stuffy room, walked with him little and was protected in every possible way, he will be much more susceptible to viruses. He recommends that parents of such children start not with hardening, but with creating optimal conditions for the child, under which the body’s protective functions will work again.

He suggests paying attention to the following aspects:

• Cloth. If a child is hot, he will get sick faster. Do not bundle up your baby and remember that he needs to be dressed a little lighter than an adult. Suitable clothing should not restrict movement.
• Nutrition. Don't force feed your baby. With regular walks and optimal room temperature, the baby's appetite will improve on its own.
• Active pastime. To prevent a child from freezing during a walk, he must actively move and play. Come up with an activity that you both enjoy and enjoy spending time outside.

Dr. Komarovsky also calls for taking into account the individual characteristics of the child and not imposing hardening procedures on him.

Hardening requires parents to be persistent, self-confident and attentive to the baby. Any procedures should be carried out wisely, after consulting with a pediatrician in advance, especially if the child is weakened or has chronic diseases. The main thing in hardening is gradualism, so don’t rush things. Over time, you and your baby will adapt to new conditions, and you will not be so afraid of viruses and bad weather.

The final decision about whether to harden a child and what procedures to choose is made only by the parents. It is important that they use common sense and pay attention to their baby’s reaction to any manipulation.

Types of hardening procedures and rules for their implementation

All hardening methods are divided into 2 groups: general and special. The first include daily routine, physical activity and proper nutrition. Special ones are hardening with the help of natural factors (air, sun and water). Pediatricians recommend starting (especially for children who are often ill) with the least complicated method - air baths.

Air baths

The simplest method that is suitable even for infants. After sleep and before it, you can let your baby lie down without clothes for a couple of minutes. The temperature in the apartment should be reduced, but not sharply (over several months) to 18° C. And the duration of the procedure itself should be increased to 15-20 minutes.

It is important to complete the activity before the child’s skin becomes covered with goosebumps. Before getting dressed, you can gently rub your baby's skin with a soft cloth mitten.

Air hardening includes the following methods:

Walks and games

Playing in the fresh air strengthens the immune system, increases the child’s physical activity and gives a good mood. Outdoor walks help infants sleep soundly.

The child should be dressed according to the season, but not wrapped in multiple layers of clothing. You need to make sure that he doesn’t freeze and that he doesn’t sweat - this is an indicator that you dressed your baby too warmly.

Find out how to properly dress your child in autumn or winter weather.

Children and adolescents should walk in all weather conditions, and the duration of the walk should be adjusted according to weather conditions (from 1 hour to several hours a day). But it is necessary to take into account that if it is -15° C or lower outside, the walking time should be reduced to avoid hypothermia.

Ventilation

Ventilate the room where the baby lives at least 4 times a day, especially before bedtime and after it - in the morning. In summer, when it is warm, the window can be left open all night. The optimal air temperature in the nursery should be as follows:

Recommended air humidity is 40-60%. It would be great if the kindergarten where the child goes also follows these recommendations.

The right clothes

From birth, it is important not to over-insulate the baby so that he does not sweat and overheat. Ideal children's clothing is light, comfortable and dry.

Walking barefoot

This procedure not only improves health, but is also an excellent prevention of flat feet. You need to start walking barefoot at home, then, when it gets warmer outside, you can try walking barefoot there too: first on more pleasant surfaces - sand and grass, then on small stones, pebbles and shells. It is better to walk on the beach, in the country, in parks, where there is little risk of injuring the baby’s leg with garbage.

Water hardening

This is one of the most effective methods of immunoprophylaxis, but it should be started after the child has mastered the air hardening method. The method consists of various procedures: contrast shower, wiping with a wet towel, dousing and swimming in open water.

Hardening of infants (up to one year):

Small children from 2 months can be wiped with damp, cool wipes. To prepare, rub the baby with a dry terry mitten until slightly reddened. The skin adapts and after this you should begin wiping. At first, the water temperature should be no cooler than 35 ° C. Then every few days it is lowered by one degree.

When the baby adapts, they move on to active actions.

Instructions on how to harden babies from the first days:

1. Proceed with your child’s usual bathing routine.
2. Raise the prepared baby above the bathtub and pour water 10°C cooler than the water in his bathtub. The dousing takes place according to the following scheme: heels, legs, back (that is, from bottom to top). The entire procedure should take about 5 seconds.
3. After 10-15 minutes, dress the baby.

Every 3-4 days, lower the water temperature by 1 degree until the difference is 15 degrees. When this happens, the baby should continue to be doused with cool water while bathing.

It is necessary to remember: the procedure is very tonic and invigorating, so it should not be performed before bedtime. But it's perfect for starting the day.

Hardening children from 1 year:

By the age of 2-3 years, children, as a rule, begin to attend preschool institutions. And many kids begin to get sick often. Therefore, it is important to strengthen the child’s immunity by hardening:

1. Place the child in a bathtub with the usual water temperature. If he is not a fan of sitting in the water or you have a shower, you can organize a warm shower for him.
2. Parents give their child a cold shower - a shower with water is 15 degrees cooler (first they put their hands under it, for a short time).
3. The baby goes into warm water (bath or shower). The procedure is carried out at least three times and ends with cool water.
4. The next time, not only the arms, but also the legs, back, and collar area are placed under cool water.
5. At the end, the parents do not dry the child, but wrap him in a towel.
6. It is recommended to get dressed after 10-15 minutes.

Schoolchildren or teenagers who do not yet have experience in hardening will enjoy washing with cold water. As a rule, this is easier for them than dousing. When such washing becomes commonplace, you can gradually move on to the neck, shoulders, arms to the elbows, and then to the whole body. The water temperature for beginners should be warm - 28-30 ° C, then gradually it should be lowered to 15-18 ° C. This should be done slowly: no more than 1 ° C in 5-10 days.

You can also wash your hands with cool water; it is only important to make sure that the child is not cold, so as not to worsen his condition.

Sea water in a home bathroom

Everyone has heard about the benefits of sea bathing, but few people know that in a simple bath you can create a real sea - all you need is sea salt. Back in the last century, scientists proved the benefits of such baths: sodium chloride water affects not only the thermoreceptors of the skin, but also normalizes the activity of the nervous system. The duration of bathing in salt should not exceed 15 minutes.

Pouring cool salt water significantly improves blood circulation. If you do not rinse the child after such a bath, the remaining “salt layer” on the skin will prolong the effect for several hours.

Cold and hot shower

Another great method is to shower with alternating cold and hot water. You will get a stronger effect if the temperature difference is maximum. You should start carefully and gradually. First you need to warm up the child, and then pour cool water over him, and you can dip his feet and hands in cold water and turn on the warm water again. After three repetitions, the shower should be finished with a cold shower. At the end, the child is wrapped in a towel.

Pouring

The procedure involves pouring water over the body. They start with a comfortable water temperature, and every 1-2 days lower it by a degree. If you are not ready for such radical measures, you can try dousing only your feet first. Remember that dousing with cool and cold water are different things and children are certainly recommended to choose the less aggressive option.

Swimming in open water

Swimming in a pond or pool is both training and sport. To begin with, the water temperature should not be lower than 22 ° C, and the child’s swimming time itself must be controlled: the younger he is, the less time he should swim. If your baby has blue lips or goosebumps, you should immediately take him out of the pond or pool, warm him up and give him a warm drink.

Sun hardening

Sunbathing begins with a walk in the shade of trees. The optimal air temperature is from 22° to 29° C. The child must wear a Panama hat. After 1-2 days, expose the baby’s open arms and legs to the sun for 5 minutes. After the child develops a slight tan, it is permissible to undress him down to his panties. Exposure to the sun is increased from 5 to 10 minutes at a time, while it is recommended to be in direct rays for up to 50 minutes a day. During the procedure, encourage your baby to drink more fluids, and then it is advisable to pour cool water from head to toe.

It is important to always remember: exposure to the sun is only possible in the morning from 9 to 11 am and in the afternoon from 4 to 6 pm, when solar activity is not so high.

If the child is sweating a lot and his face is red, he may be overheated. The baby urgently needs to be taken into the shade, given a drink and washed with cool water.

For a good result, it is important to combine the above methods. More details about them in the video:

These are traditional hardening methods. Non-traditional ones are based on a sharp contrast in temperature - dousing with ice water, rubbing with snow, etc. Of course, these methods have contraindications and should be treated with caution. They are not recommended for children, especially preschool age.

Hardening the throat

It is important to strengthen the throat for both children and adults in order to protect themselves from complications due to colds, as well as to improve immunity. The basic principle of this method is that the mucous membrane of the throat is exposed to cold. As a result, the mucous membrane gets used to it and subsequently reacts calmly to hypothermia, cold drinks and ice cream.

It is better to try to harden your throat in the summer, when the ARVI season has not yet started. Such training will be effective if done twice a day: in the morning and in the evening.

Throat hardening techniques:

– drinking

This method gives effect very quickly. Start with liquid (water, fruit drink) at room temperature, gradually lowering the temperature. Drink in small sips.

– rinsing

The safest way even for those who are often sick. The method consists of gargling twice a day with water at a temperature of 25° C. Every 4 days the degrees are lowered, gradually bringing the water to a temperature of 15° C.

- ice cream

The most desired procedure for children and not only. Start with 1 teaspoon of softened ice cream, gradually increasing the portion. But don't overindulge in sweet treats.

What about in winter?

With the onset of frost, care must be taken with hardening. If the child has a cold, it is better to postpone the procedure. But when the baby is healthy, even in winter you should not neglect hardening; it is better to follow the rules:

• increasing the temperature difference must be done with caution.
• procedures should be shortened in time.