Development of thinking in children of early and preschool age

One of the important features of a child in the future is the development of thinking today. It is important to start paying attention to this as early as possible.

There is such a thing as a “sensitive period”. This is the optimal stage for developing a particular skill. For children, the period when the foundation is laid is from 1 year to 7 years.

In the article we will talk about the stages of development of thinking in children, methods, and the connection of thinking with other skills.

Features of thinking in preschool age

The brain of a preschooler is mobile and malleable, open to new knowledge. That is why useful habits, the desire to engage in sports, music, theater and art are laid precisely in the preschool period.

In order for a child to analyze and think, it is necessary to constantly set new tasks for him, as well as modernize and complicate the skills he has already acquired.

There are several factors that have a strong influence on a child’s thinking:

• Circle of friends. The older the child, the more children and adults there should be around him. Kindergartens, clubs and sections help with this. The child must observe different behavior patterns of both adults and children.
• Speech development. The child learns to construct sentences and express his thoughts.
• Formation of an analytical worldview. Preschool children are characterized by paying attention to shapes, color, size, spatial arrangement and time frames.
• Acquiring skills and abilities. The child learns to retell, read syllables, and sing.
• Formation of personal qualities. Character, adaptability, initiative, organization - all this is formed as a result of educational activities.
• Formation of self-esteem. A developed child is able to evaluate himself.
• The emergence of self-control. The child learns to manage his behavior and actions.

Stages of development of preschoolers

Preschool age is a period of rapid development. At this time, the child learns to control his body, speech, perception, attention, memory, imagination develop, the emotional sphere and self-awareness are formed. This is the age of formation and development of mental abilities in children.

Infancy stage (birth to 1 year)

At this age, the child masters coordination, develops sensual (sensory) perception of the world - hearing, vision and touch, which will further influence the physical, mental and mental development of the child. There is an accumulation of experience. By the age of one year, the child pronounces only individual sounds, but understands almost all the words that you say to him.

Early childhood stage (1 year to 3 years)

The child becomes more autonomous, he has already enjoyed his first victories, so he continues to develop skills and abilities with pleasure. This is the age of “whys”.

Preschool stage (3 to 7 years old)

The child learns to defend his opinion and show character. The first attempts at conscious control of the emotional sphere appear.

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Stages of development of thinking

• visually effective;
• visual-figurative;
• verbal-logical.

Visual and effective thinking is formed at the age of 1-3 years. When, as a result of his actions, a child, without realizing it, draws conclusions “for the future.” And proof of this are toys, keyboards, and parental gadgets disassembled for spare parts. The purpose of these actions is to know “what’s inside?”

At the age of 3-7 years, visual-figurative thinking is formed. It is during this period that the first signs of analysis appear. For example, having certain skills, a child can already tell what a toy will feel like when he sees it in a store window. Many can already predict the situation.

Closer to 6 years, the first inclinations of verbal and logical thinking appear. At this stage, the child begins to give detailed answers after analyzing information, is able to arrange the sequence of events in the correct order, and can characterize almost any object. Speech is of paramount importance on the development of a child’s thinking.

Activities Options

In order to comprehensively develop thinking abilities, it is advisable to alternate different types of games.

Oral games

Playing with words develops logical thinking, increases vocabulary, and broadens horizons. It is recommended to choose games that require:

• draw analogies;
• generalize;
• group objects and phenomena;
• establish cause-and-effect relationships.

This category of exercises includes:

1. Association games. The child is named an object and asked to name a similar one. They ask why he chose it and ask him to list similar characteristics.
2. Coming up with new endings for familiar fairy tales.
3. Writing stories and poems together. One child comes up with the first line, the other composes a continuation according to its meaning.
4. Games in "Yes - No". An adult thinks of an object, character or phenomenon and invites the preschooler to guess it. To do this, the child is allowed to ask leading questions, to which he receives “Yes” or “No” answers.
5. The “believe it or not believe it” game. An adult says a phrase, for example: “All hares are gray”, “An apple is a fruit”, etc. The child is asked to answer whether the statement is true or false. In this case, it is important that the preschooler logically substantiate the answer.

Interaction with objects

1. A game that teaches you to classify objects. Toys made from different materials (for example, wood and plastic) are laid out in front of the child. The preschooler is asked to put them in 2 boxes, grouping them according to a common characteristic.
2. A game to develop speech and creative thinking. Objects familiar to children are placed on the table. One of the preschoolers (the leader) is asked, without pointing to the object, to formulate its description in the form of a riddle. The one who first guesses what is being said becomes the leader.
3. A game to develop attention, logical thinking and speech. Children stand in a circle, the teacher with the ball stands in the center of the circle. When throwing the ball to one of the participants, he pronounces the general name of the object, for example “Toy”. The child needs to catch the ball and name an object from the proposed category, for example, “Doll.”

Board games

Games of this type effectively develop:

• memory;
• attention;
• check;
• spatial imagination;
• strategic thinking;
• cognitive abilities.

In addition, they train fine motor skills, thereby promoting the development of thinking and speech.

At the initial stage, board games such as “Blue Elephant” (from 3 years) are suitable. With their help, children will learn to play according to the rules: throw dice one at a time, move chips, and make independent decisions.

Older children will benefit from games that develop one or another mental ability.

Suitable for memory training:

• “Chicken race” - from 4 years;
• “Surprises” - from 6 years;
• "Alles Tomate" - from 6 years.

To develop attention:

• “Chicken Run: Hide and Seek” - from 4 years old;
• “Wild Jungle” - from 7 years;
• “Load and carry” - from 7 years old.

To develop imagination and speech:

• "Activity" for little ones - from 4 years old;
• "Alias" for children from 5 years old;
• "Scrabble Junior" - for preschoolers from 5 years old.

To teach mental counting:

• “Halli Galli” - from 5 years;
• “10 pigs” - from 6 years old.

Designing for Spatial Thinking

While working with a construction set, the child assembles objects according to diagrams or reproduces planned designs. This helps develop:

• fine motor skills;
• structural-logical thinking;
• spatial perception;
• creative imagination.

Younger preschoolers create buildings from cubes. Older children assemble models of varying degrees of complexity using different types of construction sets.

Riddles and puzzles

This type of game exercise develops:

• logical thinking;
• Creative skills;
• non-standard approach to solving problems.

Used for classes:

• oral folk riddles and puzzles;
• logical tasks from author's collections (for example, from Lewis Carroll);
• geometric puzzle figures: Rubik's cube, pentomino, tangram (develop structural, logical and spatial thinking).

Developed logical thinking will help a child not only get an education, but also prepare to solve the problems of upcoming adult life.

Mental operations

Observing how a child’s thinking develops, the entire thought process can be divided into stages:

• comparison;
• analysis;
• synthesis;
• generalization.

At the comparison stage, the child learns to find the same in different things, different in the same. During this period, it is appropriate to give “find the differences” pictures and play memory games (start with 6 pairs of pictures, gradually increasing the number).

At the analysis stage, features, qualities, properties, materials and objects used are identified. In his imagination, a child can divide any product into its component parts.

The synthesis stage is closely related to the analysis stage. Without analysis it will not be possible to synthesize. An example of this is reading. Without remembering letters, without understanding how they merge into syllables, a child will not be able to read.

Vivid signs of generalization are the identification of common characteristics of objects and grouping. As soon as a child develops coherent speech and the use of a large number of generalizing concepts, you know that the generalization stage has begun.

Possible violations

Sometimes parents and teachers are faced with learning problems among preschoolers. Main violations:

• attention deficit;
• difficulties in mastering the material;
• bad memory.

These negative features are associated with deviations of a neuropsychic nature and are observed against the background of an unstable emotional state, behavioral disorders, and neurological disorders.

Thinking disorders in children are associated with problems with speech development. Deviations in this area are reflected in all types of mental activity, including thought processes. The following signs are characteristic of general speech underdevelopment:

• late pronunciation of the first words (by 3-4 years);
• limited vocabulary;
• disturbances in the pronunciation of sounds;
• difficulties in constructing phrases;
• lack of speech activity.

The cause of the pathology is unfavorable factors that occurred at the stage of intrauterine development, during the birth process, and in the postpartum period.

How to develop a preschooler's thinking

The development of thinking occurs through play, as this is the leading type of activity. You can beat everything. From a pedagogical point of view, it should be developed in different directions. Involve your child more in housework.

Check out the table; it contains the main types of exercises for developing thinking in children, which we focus on in our classes.

Characteristics of thinking ↑

Thinking is one of the basic psychological processes. Its formation has been well studied. It has been proven that it is closely related to speech. And it is characterized by the following features:

• search and discovery of new knowledge;
• a generalized reflection of the information received and the surrounding reality;
• analysis of events or objects;
• perception of objects.

As the child grows and socializes, the nervous system and thinking improve. For their development, they will need the help of adults who surround the baby. Therefore, as early as one year of age, you can begin classes aimed at developing children’s cognitive activity.

Important! It is necessary to consider what objects and how the child is ready to work. Educational materials and assignments are selected taking into account the individual characteristics of children.

The thinking characteristics of this age group are determined by the following:

• generalization – the child is able to compare and draw conclusions about similar objects;
• visibility – the child needs to see facts, observe various situations in order to form his own idea;
• abstraction – the ability to separate signs and properties from the objects to which they belong;
• concept - an idea or knowledge about a subject related to a specific term or word.

Systematic mastery of concepts occurs already at school. But groups of concepts are laid down earlier. Along with the development of abstraction, children gradually master inner speech.

Exercises and games to develop thinking in preschoolers

Let's look at options for exercises and games that can be easily used in everyday life by the whole family.

Games for the development of visual and effective thinking

1. “Sort into groups” is a game in which the work of the eyes and hands is leading. For example, place large spoons, dessert spoons and tea spoons in front of your child. Ask them to sort them. The child must decide for himself on what principle to do this.
2. Game "Build a Row". Cylinder blocks, color plates, heat bottles, flavor bottles, tangram and other materials can be used here. For example, you need to build a row from large to small. Cylinder blocks from the Montessori method are used. Colored plates of the same color, but different shades, must be arranged from darkest to lightest.
3. Game "Find a place for the nesting doll." It will require nesting dolls (at least 6 pieces). We arrange the figures in a row at an equal distance from each other. Then we ask the child to close his eyes, remove one figure, and align the rest. The baby opens his eyes and tries to find the place between which figures the matryoshka stood. As the task is completed, the number of components should increase.

Games for the development of visual-figurative thinking

1. Game "What does it look like?" There are a lot of variations of it. One of them might be to show an image of a fancy blob. Give your child the opportunity to think about what it is, who it is, what it tastes like, what it smells like, what it does and other signs.
2. Game “Say it in one word.” Depending on the age of the child, the approach to identifying objects will change. For children 3-4 years old - simple generalizations such as: furniture, dishes, berries, flowers. For a child aged 5 years, the generalization should be deeper, for example: insects, wild animals, pets, professions, etc. Children 6-7 years old already operate with such concepts as animals of Africa, Asia, fruits of Europe, Asia, etc.
3. Game "Give a definition." The child is offered an object that he characterizes. For example, we show a mug that needs to be described: big, dad’s, fragile, glass, etc. And then the child shows you the object, and you characterize it.

Games for the development of verbal and logical thinking

1. Game "Collect the picture." It is analogous to puzzles. The child’s task is to assemble a whole picture from several parts. The older the baby, the more details.
2. Game "Continue the Row". Draw a chain and a row of beads in a certain sequence: yellow, green, blue, pink, and then repeat the row once and invite the child to continue. The older the child, the more beads there are, and their sizes change.
3. "Opposites". A game of matching the opposite. For example, you say cold, but the child picks up hot; wet-dry; black and white and so on.
4. Game "Guess what it's about." You consistently describe the subject, and the child guesses what you are talking about. For example: round, striped, sweet, juicy - watermelon.

How to develop thinking in preschool children

How to develop thinking in preschool children

In order to understand how a little person perceives the reality around him, you need to have an idea of ​​how a child comprehends and systematizes information received from the outside world.

Therefore, understanding the patterns of development of thought processes in preschool children will make communication between parents and a small child more productive and enjoyable.

Thinking of preschoolers: stages and features

Visual-effective thinking

In the earliest period of his life, at the age of one and a half to two years, the baby “thinks” with his hands - disassembles, explores, sometimes breaks, thus trying to explore in an accessible form and form his own idea of ​​​​what surrounds him.

Therefore, we can talk about a visually effective way of thinking. That is, the child’s thinking is completely determined by his active actions aimed at researching and changing the objects around him.

Ways to develop visually effective thinking

At this stage, the main task of parents
is not to interfere with the desire of the little explorer to try everything with his own hands.
Despite the fact that, undoubtedly, in the process of his actions, the baby can break something, break something, damage it, and even injure himself. Therefore, it is important to encourage his desire to learn, while not forgetting about safety measures.

This type of thinking is well trained by toys, the elements of which somehow reflect the result of the child’s actions - sorters, sets for applied activities, activities with different materials - loose sand, cereals, water, snow.

Try to ensure that your child forms a clear connection during the game - “action-result of action”, this will be useful for future lessons in logic and mathematics.

Visual-figurative type of thinking

At the next stage, from three to four years old to first grade, the child actively develops a visual-figurative type of thinking. This does not mean that the previous, visually effective one is being supplanted, no. It’s just that, in addition to the already existing skills of mastering surrounding objects by actively perceiving them with “hands,” the baby begins to think using a system of images. This type of thinking is reflected especially clearly in the child’s emerging ability to draw.

When drawing any object, for example, a house, children rely on their idea of ​​it, on those of its characteristic features (roof, walls, window) that are imprinted in their memory. In this case, the resulting image is not individualized - it is only an image formed in the baby’s mind at a given moment in time.

It is very important that the child enjoys visualizing and embodying in reality the images that arise in his mind.

This is well facilitated by drawing, modeling, design, and appliqué classes.

Verbal - logical thinking

At the age of 5-7 years, preschoolers begin to actively develop the following type of thinking - verbal-logical. The ability not only to report facts, but also to subject them to detailed analysis in verbal form speaks of well-developed verbal and logical thinking.

For example, if you ask a child of three or four years old, “What is a cat?”, he will say: “The cat is Fluff, and he lives in his grandmother’s yard.” A five- to six-year-old child will most likely answer this question like this: “A cat is an animal that catches mice and loves milk.” This answer demonstrates the child’s visual ability to analyze - one of the most important mental operations, which is a kind of “engine” for the development of thinking in preschool children.

Creative thinking

This type of thinking characterizes the ability to be creative—that is, to create new, non-standard solutions. The successful development of a child’s creative abilities will largely depend on the parents’ desire to develop creativity in him.

Unlike previous types of thinking, the creative type is not determined by the factors of growth and formation of the child’s intellectual abilities.

Such forms of mental activity as fantasies and imagination are characteristic of any child and are an essential condition for the emergence of the creative process. It is only important to create an environment in which a little person can develop his creative impulses. Absolutely all types of creativity will help with this: literary, visual, choreographic, musical.

There are no children incapable of creativity; parents of preschoolers should remember this. Even children who are lagging behind in development are able to find original creative solutions to the proposed problems if classes with parents and teachers contribute to this.

Mental operations and their role in the development of thinking in preschoolers

Universal mental operations inherent in human thinking are analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and classification. It is the ability to use these operations that determines the development of thinking in preschool children.

Comparison

In order for a child to fully be able to use this category, it is necessary to teach him the skill of seeing the same in different, and different in the same. Starting from the age of two, teach your child to compare and analyze objects by comparing homogeneous features, for example: shape, color, taste, consistency, set of functions, etc.

It is necessary that the child understands the importance of analysis based on homogeneous features and is able to identify and name them.

Expand the horizons of the concepts being compared - let it be not only objects, but also natural phenomena, seasons, sounds, properties of materials.

Generalization

This mental operation becomes available to a preschooler at the age of 6-7 years. A child aged three to four years old can use the words “cup”, “spoon”, “plate”, “glass” very well, but if you ask him to name this entire group of objects in one word, he will not be able to do it.

However, as the vocabulary and coherent speech are filled, the use of generalizing concepts will become accessible to preschoolers, and they will be able to operate with them, expanding their thinking abilities.

Analysis

This way of thinking makes it possible to “dismember” the analyzed object or phenomenon into its constituent components or to identify a number of individual signs and traits characteristic of it.

Ask your child to describe the plant. At the age of 3-4 years, he will most likely point out and name its parts without difficulty: stem, leaves, flower, thus demonstrating his ability to analyze. Analysis can be aimed not only at “dismembering” a concept, but also at identifying exceptional features unique to it.

Synthesis

A mental operation that is the opposite of analysis. If, while analyzing, a child “dismembers” an object, a concept, a phenomenon, then synthesis, as a result of the analysis, will allow him to combine the characteristics obtained separately. This operation is illustrated very well by a preschooler’s mastery of coherent reading skills. From individual elements (letters and sounds) he learns to form syllables, from syllables - words, words form sentences and text.

Classification

Mastering this method of mental action will allow the child to identify the similarities or differences of certain objects, concepts and phenomena. By highlighting one, but, as a rule, essential feature, the baby can classify a group of objects under consideration.

For example, toys can be classified according to the material from which they are made - these are toys made of wood, plastic, soft toys, natural materials, etc.

Exercises to develop analysis, synthesis and classification skills

“What’s extra?”

Place in front of your child several pictures depicting objects that he understands. You can use children's lotto cards, or you can make pictures yourself.

For example, the pictures show the following objects: an apple, candy and a book. The child must analyze and correctly classify these objects. An apple and a candy can be eaten, but a book cannot. This means that the picture with the book in this row will be superfluous.

“Pig in a poke” (we train analysis and synthesis skills)

One of the players (if the child is still small and does not speak very well, let it be an adult) takes a picture from the children's lotto and describes what is depicted on it, without showing it to the other player. However, the object itself cannot be named! The other player must guess, based on the description, what is shown in the picture. Over time, when the child grows up (starting from 4-5 years), you can change roles - let the child describe what is shown in the picture, and the adult player guesses. In this case, not only thinking abilities are trained, but also coherent speech skills.

“Pick a pair” (training analysis, comparison)

You need two sets of children's lotto with the same cards. One child (player) takes a card and, without showing it, explains to the other players what is written on it. Other players, analyzing, offer their own version of the card, which, in their opinion, depicts what the first child described. If the description and the answer match, two identical cards are removed from the game, and the game continues further with the remaining cards.

"What is this?" (analysis, comparison, generalization)

Invite your child to characterize the following vocabulary lines using a generalizing word.

· glass, plate, fork, knife; /dishes/;

· plum, apple, orange, banana; /fruits/;

· sparrow, stork, goose, dove; /birds/;

· cat, pig, rabbit, sheep; /animals, pets/;

· rose, tulip, lily of the valley, poppy; /flowers/.

Come up with vocabulary lines on your own, complicate the tasks over time, move from simple objects to concepts and phenomena (seasons, human feelings, natural phenomena, etc.).

The development of thinking in preschool children is a task, the solution of which directly depends on how successfully the child has mastered and can use the above mental operations.

Activities and games aimed at training them will ensure not only the intellectual development of the preschooler, but the harmonious formation of the personality of the growing child as a whole, because it is developed thinking that distinguishes a person from other living beings.