Why teach a small child geometric shapes? Surely, many parents do not even think about this issue, simply paying tribute to fashion and teaching their child mathematics almost from birth. Meanwhile, geometric figures for children and their timely study play a big role in the knowledge of the environment, introducing them to one of the main properties of objects - shape. This is necessary for the development of logical thinking, spatial concepts, and improvement of mathematical abilities. That’s why it’s important to start familiarizing yourself with geometric shapes as early as possible, reinforcing children’s knowledge with exciting tasks in everyday life.
What should a child know about geometric shapes?
Important: Geometric figures are generally accepted standards, measures of the shape of objects. Therefore, familiarizing a child with forms at home should not take place separately, but in the system of sensory (sensory) education. The baby will best remember the shape when he simultaneously examines the color, size, and purpose of the object, since in a variety of activities knowledge is actively used and is better remembered.
- Experts say that purposefully teaching a child geometric shapes at home should begin in the third year of life. At this time, children gain motor and tactile experience in exploring the world around them. They know how to speak, are distinguished by their curiosity and desire to explore everything, and strive for new things. That is why, for the further formation of children’s knowledge, work is needed to replenish their ideas about geometric shapes: circle, square, triangle. In an exciting game (not on purpose!) the baby gets acquainted with a ball (ball), cube (cube).
- Four- to five-year-old children recognize rectangular and oval shapes in addition to triangular, square, and round shapes. It is believed that at the age of 5, children have already mastered geometry, so by the next age stage they should clearly name a circle, oval, triangle, square, rhombus, distinguish them and find them around them. Preschoolers should be able to analyze and generalize the shape of objects, noting basic properties, and even solve logical problems by comparing shapes. For example, in the popular game “What are the similarities and differences between a circle and a square, a square and a rectangle, a circle and an oval?”
- Older preschool children already know the names of all figures well; they are introduced to new ones: planar (polygon, trapezoid) and volumetric (sphere, cube, cylinder and cone). For school education, children need to learn how to divide and assemble shapes in different ways (cutting and folding), solve problems - puzzles, for example, “Do you know how to make a square, rectangle, triangle from two parts?”, “How many squares (circles, rectangles) ) on the image?".
Let's draw
When drawing together with your child, do not forget to say the names of the shapes. “So, let’s draw a square, now a triangle - we get a house,” “Let’s draw a circle, an oval, a stick, a stick - we get a little man.”
From about 1.5 years old, the child can already be asked to trace figures using stencils. You can make the first stencils with geometric shapes yourself from thick cardboard, because... ready-made stencils, as a rule, are very small for the very first drawing experiments. I made the first stencils for Taisiya from a not very successful set of cards (the pictures were not very good, but the cardboard was excellent), four main figures were enough for us (the size of our stencils is 8x8 cm).
At the age of 2, Taisiya fell in love with drawing using small stencils (another option), and at this age we began to trace the outside of Dienesh blocks, it was no less interesting, although more difficult.
Learning geometric shapes with kids: main rules
Important: How to teach your child to name and distinguish geometric shapes easily and quickly! To do this you need to adhere to certain rules. With chaotic, inconsistent learning, the baby may confuse the figures and not see their similarities and differences.
- Teachers insist that when teaching at home, systematicity, consistency, and accessibility should be the main rules. There is no need to torture yourself and your child with any abstruse tasks and manuals; it is enough to use educational books, toys (construction sets, blocks, cars, doll dishes) and familiar surroundings (furniture, household items, dishes).
- Acquaintance with new figures must be carried out through research activities: invite the baby to feel, trace the outline with a finger, “draw” in the air, put the figures together, roll, stick into holes.
- A child will quickly master new material if he practically interacts with it in games, creative activities, looking at and reading books, and everyday activities. For example, when introducing a square to a baby, you can ask him to find square objects in the environment: a seat next to a highchair, a handkerchief, the face of a cube, a napkin. While walking, ask what shape is the bench in the park, the wall of the house, mom’s bag, the ball that the older kids play with. At the same time, the adult himself clearly and clearly names all the geometric shapes that the baby encounters.
- It’s good if, when teaching, adults use rhymes, fairy tales, riddles, and cartoons, the heroes of which are geometric figures. You can not only read them, but also draw to the rhythm of the verse. These techniques will make learning fun and help activate the processes of attention, thinking, and speech.
Riddles in verse
I have no corners and I look like a saucer, a plate and a lid, a ring and a wheel. Who am I, friends? Call me (circle).
He has been a friend of mine for a long time, every angle in him is straight. All four sides are the same length. I'm glad to introduce him to you. What's his name? (square).
Look at the figure and draw in the album, three corners, three sides, connect them together. The result was not a square, but a beautiful (triangle).
There is such a circle - a very strange appearance. The circle became flattened, it suddenly turned out (an oval).
We stretched out the square and presented it to the eye. Who did he look like or something very similar to? Neither a brick nor a triangle - it became a square (rectangle).
Fairy tale “Two Brothers” (an adult draws to the rhythm of the verse)
A long time ago, in a dark forest, in a figurative hut, there lived two brothers, two squares. And they were twins. See for yourself: See in the picture - each one has 4 sides, 4 corners and 4 vertices. Once I was walking around the first square between the bushes, knocking on the path with four corners. And the animals say: “Who is this? The first square or its brother, the second square? How similar they are! Remember in the picture: 4 sides, 4 corners and 4 vertices. The square was tired of being confused with his brother, and he decided to change, to turn into another figure. He took scissors and cut off four corners for himself. It turned into a circle and rolled along the path. And now the brothers live a wonderful life, it is now difficult to confuse the brothers: One rolls along the paths, the other walks on four corners - four legs. Two brothers are still friends - a circle with a square!
Important: Children’s perception of geometric shapes is completely different from that of adults. For example, an adult sees objects according to their shapes (a pan is a cylinder, a window is a rectangle). The child, on the contrary, first objectifies the shape (a square is a kite, a triangle is the roof of a house, a circle is a ball, several circles are glasses, beads). With proper training, he begins to abstract from objects and perceive a familiar figure in the environment, for example, a glass as a cylinder (cylindrical in shape), a roof as a triangle (triangular in shape), a ball as a ball (round in shape).
How to draw a volumetric square with one perspective point
A slightly more advanced way to draw a 3D square is to use single vanishing point perspective. The resulting volumetric square is very similar to the one we drew in a simple way, the difference is that it turns out to be a little more compressed due to perspective.
Despite the fact that drawing such a voluminous square is a little more difficult, the result looks much more realistic. That's what perspective does, perspective is a great way to depict three-dimensional objects on flat paper. Let's draw our volumetric square in perspective!
Step 1: Draw a Square and a Vanishing Point
As in the first case, first draw a regular square.
Then mark the point where our perspective will merge. This point is called the vanishing point. In our example, we placed it in the upper right corner, so we get the appearance of a 3D square, which is similar to the one we drew in the example above.
Once you've drawn a 3D square like the one shown here, play with the placement of your vanishing point. Try moving it further away, down or to the left, changing the position of the vanishing point will give you a completely different look for your volumetric square.
Step 2: Draw Perspective Lines
Draw perspective lines; they will serve as guidelines for the future volumetric square. They start at the top two and bottom right corners of our front face square and merge into a vanishing point. (This point is called the vanishing point because as you get closer to this point, all objects become smaller. At the vanishing point, objects will be so small that they will simply disappear.)
To make it easier for you and get straight lines, use a ruler, this will greatly simplify your task.
Also, don't draw these lines too much - we only need them as guidelines and we'll erase them later.
Step 3: Draw the far edges of the volumetric square
Using auxiliary perspective guide lines, draw the far edges of the volumetric square.
Both lines indicating the back edges of the volumetric square should begin and end on the perspective guide lines. First, draw the top far edge parallel (in the same direction) to the horizontal top line of the front edge of the square.
Then draw the vertical (top to bottom) far edge in the same way.
Yes, here are some fancy words you just learned:
- "Parallel" lines are two lines going in the same direction.
- A “vertical” line is a line that goes from top to bottom or bottom to top.
- A “horizontal” line is a line that runs from left to right or right to left, just like the horizon.
- And the “horizon” is the line where the earth meets the sky when looking into the distance—a line that runs exactly from left to right.
Step 4: Draw the Side Edges to Complete the 3D Square
After a short linguistic digression, we return to drawing a three-dimensional square.
The next step is very simple - just draw the edges of the volumetric square by drawing a pencil along the auxiliary lines of perspective, connecting its front and back sides.
Step 5: Erase the Construction Lines
The last step is to erase the vanishing point and guide lines that you drew earlier.
As you can see, the resulting 3D square design is very similar to the simple method we used above, only a little more flattened at the back. But this is what makes it more realistic, and it looks like a real cube in three dimensions, even though it is drawn on flat paper.
Playing with geometric shapes!
Teachers remind that preschoolers receive basic knowledge about geometric shapes in kindergarten, and home activities are aimed at consolidating what they are learning. Therefore, the best way to do this at home is to play as the main activity for children. It is in the game that unobtrusively, easily and quickly the child will learn all the names of the figures, learn to compare and distinguish them. Among educational games for teaching geometric shapes, board games take precedence. They can be played in the evenings, during family leisure, or made part of any home activity or entertainment.
"What's Hidden"
The classic game is understandable and accessible even to a two-year-old child. An adult lays out images of familiar shapes in front of the child: a circle, a square, a triangle. Since there must be at least five cards, figures of different colors and sizes are used for the number, for example, two squares - large and small, two triangles - blue and yellow, one circle. Consider them with your child, discuss them, make sure that he understands what figures are in front of him and can name them correctly. Then the baby closes his eyes, the adult hides one of the figures and asks what is hidden. With age, the number of figures increases, new ones are added to the old ones.
"In one word"
The game “geometric shapes” is aimed at developing in children a generalization of similar shapes. An adult needs to prepare circles, squares and triangles of different sizes and colors. The preschooler must distribute the presented figures into groups, regardless of color and size, and name them with a general word, for example, all squares. Alternatively, you can make the tasks more difficult by offering to group shapes only by color or size.
"Wonderful bag"
Games like the “wonderful bag” are well known to children of kindergarten age. They are useful in that they give an idea of the contours of objects, teach examination by touch and exercise in distinguishing shapes. An adult prepares a bag with objects of different shapes, for example, a cube, a ball, a ball, a brick, a conical pyramid. The player examines them and names the shape of the toy he wants to get. To complicate the task, older children are asked to find a specific shape, for example, “Find a round toy.”
"Magic glasses"
Improvised glasses are pre-prepared from thick paper of various shapes: round, square. The game is interesting to all children, it helps expand their understanding of geometric shapes and find objects of a certain shape in the surrounding space. For example, a child puts on round glasses and looks for everything round around him: a plate, the bottom of a vase, a lampshade of a chandelier, a carpet, grandma’s glasses. For each correct selection, the player is awarded a chip and then receives an incentive prize at the end of the game.
"Patches - patches"
For a lesson on consolidating ideas about geometric shapes, you need a selection of pictures depicting various objects that have “holes” - unpainted places of different shapes, for example, a dress has a round hole, a boot has a square one. Among the different “patches” the child chooses the one he needs and connects it to the object. It will be interesting if an adult himself prepares images for the game, for example, cuts things out of paper (sweater, skirt, trousers, boots, hat). As an option for playing “patches - patches”, you can purchase a didactic game of “Velcro”, which are very similar in rules and content
"What's Broken"
This task will help teach children to notice what form is missing in the depicted object and develop attention. For the game you can use pictures, applique from cut out parts, building material. The main thing is that the object must consist of parts of a geometric shape. For example, an adult lays out a “house” applique, where the details are a triangle - a roof, a rectangle - a wall, a square - a window, a small rectangle - a door, a circle - a window in the attic, a quadrangle - a pipe. The child carefully examines the image and closes his eyes, the adult removes any detail, mixing it with any others. You need to guess what is broken at the house and “fix it” by finding the missing part. In the future, you can complicate the task by not immediately adding a certain form or by removing two forms at the same time. If this is a drawn image, then the child draws in the missing details, for example, a circle is a wheel on a car, rectangles are windows on a turret.
"Game with sticks"
An interesting task for middle and older preschoolers, which simultaneously develops motor skills and the ability to compose geometric shapes. If there are no counting sticks, you can use matches or toothpicks, prepare them in advance, cut off the sulfur head or sharp ends so that the baby does not get hurt. Such a task can be carried out in the form of a competition during family leisure time, “who can make a figure the fastest?”, “Who has the most complex figure?” Then reward the winner with a prize. At some point it must become a child. An adult, for example, can note his original solution or carefully and neatly laid out figure.
“What was useful to the artist in the painting”
For older preschoolers, you can use an original task of looking at pictures, which not only reinforces the names of the figures, but also develops visual perception and the ability to see different shapes in an unusual environment. The adult selects illustrations of appropriate content, which the artist draws using geometric shapes. Then he invites the preschooler to look at the picture and find familiar shapes. If any of them are still unfamiliar to the preschooler, be sure to pay attention to them and tell them what they are called and what objects are similar to them. To complicate the game, you can count how many geometric shapes were needed to depict the picture.
"Geometric Lotto"
A classic task to familiarize children with geometric shapes teaches them to compare the shape of an object with a geometric figure and select images based on a standard. To create a competitive moment that is interesting for children, it is better to play with the whole family. The rule is classic: on large cards there are images of different shapes, for example, an oval, a circle, a triangle. The presenter says the name of the item on a small card, for example, apple, cucumber, scarf, TV. Players look for the shape of the named item on their card and cover it with the corresponding picture. The player who quickly and correctly closes the card wins.
"Geometric mosaic"
This educational game will help children consolidate their understanding of geometric shapes. In addition, it will teach preschool children to transform them, focusing on a standard (sample), and will help creative imagination. The rules of the game are simple and accessible to children of any age; for older ones, the number of details increases and the plots become more complex. Players must assemble some objects from several geometric shapes. For kids, these can be houses of different sizes and configurations, cars, turrets, bridges, the sun, flowers, patterns; for older children - figurines of fairy-tale or cartoon characters, plot pictures: a vase with flowers, a street, a road, a carpet, animals, people of different professions. Be sure to note the creativity of the preschool child and praise him. Perhaps leave the posted picture for a while to show all your loved ones. The main thing is that such educational mosaics can be purchased in a special store, or you can make them yourself, similar to Montessori toys.
Speech development
- We do articulation exercises;
- Doing breathing exercises;
- We recite special poems together that encourage the pronunciation of sounds and words;
- Speech development games
For example:
Game "Repeat". An adult pronounces words loudly, quietly or in a whisper. The child repeats with an appropriate level of volume.
Game “What is this for?” An adult asks why this or that object is needed (table, chair, closet, bed). The child answers.
Game "Wrong Fairy Tale". An adult tells some well-known fairy tale (Kolobok, for example) with errors. The child corrects, etc.
General recommendations for parents
Geometry for a child is an ambiguous subject, since there are many figures, and even more ways to study them. To prevent a young student from having a “mess in his head,” parents should choose no more than 5 teaching methods, which will alternate from time to time. The process of studying figures should not last longer than 10 minutes at a time, as the baby will quickly get tired and will often get confused. Fighting fatigue will not bring anything good to either an adult or a child.
To prevent geometric shapes from becoming scary monsters for children, you should not immediately talk about all possible shapes. Start with a circle
Draw it with your finger on the baby’s palm, tell him about the warm sun, pay attention to the shape of the plate at dinner. When the baby easily remembers what a circle is, move on to studying another figure.
For example, tell your little fidget about a square box. Always compare familiar geometric shapes with new objects you brought for the children. Constantly returning to this topic will help the adult understand what shapes of objects the baby remembers well.
Every child is a genius. The main task of a parent is to help him recognize and recognize this. In the first years of life, a child is ready for intellectual achievement, so adults need to gently and carefully encourage the development of his natural abilities. Make learning about geometric shapes creative and interesting. Don't demand the impossible from your child! Always give him space for imagination.
