Text of the book “Lesson notes on the spiritual and moral education of preschool children”
Vera Vasilievna Malova Lesson notes on spiritual and moral education of preschool children
From the author
The purpose of this book is the moral education of a child, his spiritual development, and the task is to develop in children the best qualities characteristic of a Russian person: high spirituality, kindness, responsiveness, hard work, respect for elders, mercy, respect for nature, patience, compassion, courage .
Preschoolers can be introduced to Russian culture and its history in the form of a conversation about oral folk art, painting, music, or familiarization with the life, rituals and traditions of the Russian people. The book presents more than 150 detailed lesson notes for preschoolers of all age groups, compiled on the basis of works of Russian folklore. They will help the teacher, not in an edifying, but in an entertaining way, teach children to love their people, their homeland, respect its past, love each other and take care of their native nature.
How did the city of Myshkin appear? How did the soldier Semyon fight the French? What herbs can be used to cure a sick sparrow? How to build a hut for a fox? Is it possible to make the evil Baba Yaga a kind old lady, and teach the lazy Miliktrisa Kirbitevna to work? Is every guest a joy for the hosts? And is it true that “good will not die, but evil will disappear”?
This book will tell you and your students about this and much more.
The program contains an annual cycle of classes - 36 for each age group of kindergarten, as well as an additional one - of 13 classes in the creative activity of children in the pre-school group. Classes last from 20 to 30 minutes. I would like to draw attention to the additional cycle of classes on artistic creativity “Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.” It is built on a single plot and is perceived by children as one whole. Classes are held once a week for 30 minutes. They are quite voluminous and provide the opportunity to complete them in your free time during the week. This approach eliminates the need to rush and teaches children to occupy their leisure time with work. Sometimes children may come to the workshop simply to admire the model being gradually put together or to help a friend. This maintains interest in the plot and in the work itself, which makes it more joyful and creative. I would like to consider the fruits of such work not to be copied paintings, not special successes in needlework, but to receive joy from work, the desire to create beauty and give it to others, the ability to work together, the willingness to help, the feeling that everyone’s efforts are a contribution to the common cause in the name of of good.
The “Warm Hut” program was tested in preschool educational institution 21 “Rainbow” in the city of Vysokovsk, Moscow region, and was created in the process of practical work with children. I would like to thank everyone who supported me in this work, provided practical assistance and greatly contributed to the emergence of this program. I would like to express special gratitude to my daughters, Nadezhda and Olesya.
THEMATIC LESSON PLAN FOR THE YEAR
Second junior group
Tasks of education.
The moral development
of a preschooler is carried out in inextricable connection with
aesthetic
and
cognitive tasks.
Familiarization with Russian folk songs, nursery rhymes, jokes, pestles, chants will help to cultivate respect for others, the desire to help, to help out, to bring joy through work and care, to evoke compassion for the offended, friendliness, the ability to repent of bad deeds, to make peace, to teach affectionate attitude towards animals , fairy tales, proverbs, round dances, games, various types of theater, as well as with objects whose names are found in folk tales and jokes ( stove, rocker, grip, poker, little hole, trough
and so on.); with summer peasant work in the field and garden, with the labor of a blacksmith; with Orthodox holidays, some folk customs and traditions: hospitality, fairs, folk festivities on holidays, inviting spring, birds, ceremonial cattle driving in May; with Russian costume, objects of decorative and applied art, folk toys.
The child’s oral speech develops and his vocabulary is enriched.
Lesson 1. Let's get acquainted
Target.
Getting to know the “hut” and its inhabitants. Creating a good mood in children in a natural, conversational and playful way with nursery rhymes about children and jokes about cats.
Lesson 2. Coo-cat
Target.
Acquaintance with lullabies, new jokes and songs about a cat and a kitty, as well as the furnishings of a hut and household items.
Lesson 3. If a cat goes out into the garden, all the people will be alarmed
Target.
Acquaintance with jokes and songs about pets, with the fairy tale “Girl Snow Maiden” as retold by V. Dahl. Involving children in outdoor and didactic folk games.
Lesson 4. How the cat went to visit
Target.
Getting to know the custom of going on a visit with gifts. Repeating jokes, learning the game “Belt”. Introduction to the fairy tale “The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox.”
Lesson 5. A rooster walks around the yard
Target.
Introduction to jokes, songs, games and a fairy tale about a cockerel. Create a desire to help the cockerel.
Lesson 6. Three little kittens
(Final activity-entertainment “Pets”)
Target.
Consolidate jokes in memory, involve all children in games, dramatizations, and dances.
Lesson 7. Golden wreath
Target.
Acquaintance with summer peasant work, with the fairy tale “The Golden Wreath”, playing “collar” with the “wolf”, with riddles about natural phenomena, and a folk song.
Lesson 8. Our hostess
Target.
Introducing a new joke. Show how to use basic household items, involve children in helping as much as possible, and note the desire to help each other from the heroes of the fairy tale “Turnip”.
Lesson 9. For a skilled hand, all work is easy
Target.
Positive assessment of hard work and desire to help with work. Consolidating knowledge about household items and the ability to use them. Getting to know the Russian proverb and fairy tale “Grandmother, granddaughter and chicken.” Learn to understand the humor of a fairy tale. Repeating a lullaby.
Lesson 10. What is in the oven - everything is on the table - swords
Target.
To give an idea of Russian hospitality, traditional Russian dishes and tableware, and behavior at the table. Acquaintance with proverbs and the fairy tale “Zayushkina’s hut.”
Lesson 11. Bunny visiting
Target.
Continuing the conversation about hospitality. Induce an affectionate attitude towards the little guest. Acquaintance with Russian jokes and riddles about the bunny, the fairy tale “The Boasting Hare”. Cause an ironic attitude towards boasting. Show how cabbage is chopped.
Lesson 12. The bun rolled
Target.
Cultivating friendliness. Using the plot of a familiar fairy tale, repeat folk games, riddles, and jokes.
Lesson 13. Hello, guest winter
Target.
Introduction to “winter” nursery rhymes, riddles, and the fairy tale “Sister Fox and the Gray Wolf.” Learn to guess folk riddles and encourage children to understand them.
Introducing children's winter country clothing and traditional winter fun. After watching the fairy tale, evaluate the fox’s behavior (greedy, steals, deceives, mocks the offended), compare with the children’s attitude towards the hungry wolf in the last lesson, when they fed the wolf with pies.
Lesson 14. Who lives in the little house, plays and sings?
Target.
Acquaintance with the fairy tale “Teremok”, guessing riddles about animals. Playing on spoons, planks, washboard, rattle.
Lesson 15. We are from a fairy tale
Target.
Learn to “play a fairy tale” by staging it with the help of adults. Look at the mansion and name the traditional elements of a Russian house: shutters, ridge, trim, porch. Learn to dance by playing along with yourself on a simple instrument. Foster friendliness and hospitality.
Lesson 16. Animals at the Christmas tree
Target.
Creating a joyful pre-New Year mood with the help of cheerful folk games and round dances. Guessing riddles about animals, watching a filmstrip based on a familiar fairy tale.
Lesson 17. Visiting the nesting dolls
Target.
Introducing the matryoshka doll, a women's folk costume. A reminder of the custom of visiting with gifts. Remember what some household items are called and what they are intended for.
Lesson 18. We celebrate Christmas, dance and play
Target.
Tell children about the Nativity of Christ. Create a festive mood.
Lesson 19. Matryoshka dolls
Target.
Getting to know the ditties. Dance in Russian sundresses. Learn to work collectively in the workshop. Draw children's attention to the fact that work can bring joy to someone.
Lesson 20. Who is our good guy?
Target.
Acquaintance with the Russian costume of a boy, with the round dance “Vanya Walks”. Involve children in dramatizing songs and jokes, not demanding quality from them, but enjoying the activity.
Lesson 21. There are a lot of things for the product
Target.
Provide basic information about the fair. Introducing the folk song “Where was Ivanushka?” Repetition of names of utensils. Creating a cheerful mood with the help of jokes, performances and playing carousel.
Lesson 22. I’ll buy a pipe and go dancing.
Target.
Development of the "Fair" theme. Emphasize the cheerful character of Petrushka, a traditional Russian fairground character. Playing noise instruments, repeating their names.
Lesson 23. How to walk on water
Target.
Introducing the well and washstand. Tell the fairy tale “Moroz Ivanovich” in a simple version, using dolls and objects according to the content of the fairy tale. Remind them that good work brings joy.
Lesson 24. We give Alenka a bath and sing a song.
Target.
Cultivating an affectionate, caring attitude towards a small child. Introducing songs, nurseries and nursery rhymes on the theme “Bathing”. Involving children to help with housework. Introduction to the fairy tale “Lipunyushka”.
Lesson 25. Taking care of our grandmother and mother ourselves
Target.
Continuation of the theme of caring attitude towards people. Show the need for such care. Introduction to the fairy tale “The Cockerel and the Bean Seed” and its illustrations.
Lesson 26. Ladushki-okay
Target.
Acquaintance with folk finger games, new nursery rhymes and repetition of famous games. Introduction to the shadow theater.
Lesson 27. Little birds, fly to us
Target.
Introducing the tradition of calling to spring, birds, and calling as a form of Russian folklore. Guessing riddles about birds, getting to know the joke “Two Grouse”, arousing interest in the folk game “Geese and the Wolf”, causing children to have an emotional response to the events taking place in it. To create a joyful mood, use a costume theater performance and gifts.
Lesson 28. Sunny bunny
Target.
Introduction to the Russian folk tale “Sunny Bunny”. Celebrate the benefits of mutual assistance and the joy that kindness and friendship bring. Repetition of a familiar round dance.
Lesson 29. The sun is hot - the blanket flows away
Target.
Introduction to the fairy tale “The Snow Maiden”. Repetition of riddles and proverbs about snow. It is joyful to welcome the change of seasons.
Lesson 30. Rain and rainbows
Target.
Acquaintance with the folk calendar tale “The Man and the Rain”, new chants, riddles about rain and rainbows. Encourage the desire to help the bear cub through friendly work.
Lesson 31. Take a walk, but don’t forget your business
Target.
Continuation of the theme of helping elders, fostering a respectful attitude towards others, the ability to put up with and repent of bad deeds. Acquaintance with the folk dance “On the Green Meadow”.
Lesson 32. Easter is red
Target.
Happy Easter celebration. Introduction to folk Easter games and songs. Making a gift for relatives.
Lesson 33. The month of May - walk as much as you want!
Target.
Organizing a “fairytale” walk, repeating familiar chants, games, songs. Introducing the song about the birch tree. Staging a fairy tale with the involvement of older children, the participation of all children in it. Mention of St. George (Yegory the Brave) and about folk customs and beliefs associated with him.
Lesson 34. How I love my little cow
Target.
Acquaintance with peasant domestic animals and related works of folklore and customs. Acquaintance with the fairy tale "Bull - black barrel, white hooves."
Lesson 35. Kozynka-goat, sharp horn
Target.
Continue to get acquainted with domestic animals in a peasant farm (
goat
) and with the corresponding works of Russian folklore. Teach caring behavior towards pets. Introducing the work of a blacksmith so that it is easier for children to understand the words “blacksmith” and “forged” in the fairy tale “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats.” Note that good always wins, and that deceiving and being evil are bad.
Lesson 36. How without a pipe - that’s the problem - your feet go in the wrong direction
Target.
Continue to foster a caring attitude towards animals, introduce new jokes, repeat familiar songs and dances, create a cheerful mood in children by playing noise instruments and household items, and remind them of their name and purpose.
Middle group
Tasks of education.
To develop in children mercy, compassion, the ability to forgive, to be grateful, courageous, modest, hardworking, responsible;
the desire to please everyone with one’s work, condemnation and rejection of evil; cultivating the ability to behave without causing trouble to others, but taking care of them; cultivate a love for Russian nature, develop observation skills, the ability to see its beauty in all seasons; engage in common work in a friendly and harmonious manner, feel the success of joint work; continue to acquaint children with Russian customs and traditions, deepen knowledge about Orthodox and folk holidays; continue to introduce children to Russian artistic crafts, household utensils and their purposes, traditional Russian cuisine; expand familiarity with works of oral folk art, develop the artistic taste of children; continue to enrich vocabulary and develop children’s speech; strive to ensure that children enjoy folk songs, games, dances, and round dances. These are the main directions of moral education
of preschoolers of this age group in conjunction with
aesthetic and cognitive tasks.
Lesson 1. Ant grass
Target.
A conversation about medicinal herbs, their preparation and use in folk medicine, and about making hay for domestic animals. Draw children's attention to respect for nature. Dramatize a folk song, play a folk game, introduce the fairy tale “The Fox and the Blackbird”.
Lesson 2. The goat dropped into the garden
Target.
Cultivate a kind attitude towards animals. Guessing riddles about vegetables, remembering familiar riddles about domestic animals, getting acquainted with folk songs “A Goat Dropped By...” and “About a Goat.”
Lesson 3. Cheerful guests
Target.
Learn to understand humor. Remember folk riddles. Acquaintance with the fairy tale “Goby - tar barrel”.
Lesson 4. Hostess's assistants
Target.
Teach respect for other people's work. Show the success of joint work and the uselessness of boasting. Dramatize a familiar fairy tale.
Lesson 5. Visiting the nesting dolls
Target.
Remind the rules for visiting. Introduction to traditional Russian pastries. Play the games “Who should dance with the nesting dolls” and “Andrew the Sparrow”. Drinking tea together.
Lesson 6. Birds are knocking their beaks near the dancing bunnies
Target.
Acquaintance with Russian folk crafts: Dymkovo and Bogorodskaya toys. Accompany the show with jokes, songs, play activities, and the fairy tale “Masha and the Bear.”
Lesson 7. Guest for guest - joy for the hostess
Target.
Development of the theme of Russian hospitality. Further acquaintance with Dymkovo and Bogorodskaya toys, consolidation of knowledge about village utensils, repetition of jokes, pestles, learning a new folk game, acquaintance with the fairy tale “The Fox and the Crane”.
Lesson 8. Mishutka's fairy tale.
Target.
Remind children how to behave when visiting. Introduction to the fairy tale “The Three Bears”. Arouse sympathy and a desire to help the offended bear cub. Learning a folk game.
Lesson 9. Three bears will be happy
Target.
Learn to correct mistakes in your behavior, make amends with a good deed. Painting a paper plate - learn to use kvachiks of different sizes.
Lesson 10. How grandfather Yegor went to the fair
Target.
Learn to solve folk riddles. Introducing the fairy tale “Frost”: pay attention to what troubles a disrespectful attitude towards others can lead to, learn to forgive insults and help out those in trouble.
Lesson 11. Today we have a fair!
Target.
Guessing old and new riddles about familiar objects. Continuation of acquaintance with the Bogorodsk toy. Drawing Dymkovo patterns.
Lesson 12. Beauty hen
Target.
A conversation about village poultry using jokes, riddles, and songs. When showing the re-enactment “Ryaba Hen”, repeat the names of household items.
Lesson 13. Blanket for the bear
Target.
Making a “blanket” from paper scraps painted by children. Learn to receive joy from selfless help.
Lesson 14. About the hare
Target.
A generalization of folklore known to children about the hare. Teach children to act out a fairy tale. In a familiar game, complicate the rules. Introducing the fairy tale “The Hare and the Hedgehog”, draw children’s attention to the fact that a braggart can get into an awkward position.
Lesson 15. Annushka's songs
Target.
Continuation of acquaintance with folk songs and jokes, showing how organically the song is combined with work, play and dance.
Lesson 16. Winter is a prankster
Target.
Based on the texts of K. Ushinsky and the fairy tale “The Mischief of the Old Woman-Winter,” conduct a conversation about the Russian winter, draw children’s attention to how people and animals live in this difficult time. Remind them of the need to take care of birds and pets and have compassion on them. Introduction to the fairy tale “Birch Bark Box” and the outdoor game “Two Frosts”.
Lesson 17. How Frost went to the village
Target.
Help children feel the poetry of the Russian folk tale “How Frost went to the village.” Remind about the upcoming Christmas and the village customs of its celebration. Introduction to the fairy tale “How the Wolf Deceived the Fox.”
Lesson 18. Merry holiday - Christmas
Target.
Continue to introduce children to Orthodox holidays and customs. Introduction to the Christmas tale and the game “Snowball”.
Lesson 19. Mix-ups for fun
Target.
In a playful way, tell children that every thing has its place, every person has his own responsibilities, and violating this order can lead to dire consequences, unless, of course, this is a joke. Acquaintance with the song “Little Lambs” and the fairy tale “Winged, furry and oily.”
Lesson 20. Rolling pin, help me bake pies
Target.
Introduce children to the process of kneading dough, with a rolling pin, involve them in homework and enjoy the result. Repeat the names of some types of dishes. When showing the fairy tale “The Fox with a Rock,” encourage children to sing along to the fox’s song.
Lesson 21. Picky
Target.
Let's talk about a traditional dish of Russian cuisine - porridge. Using the example of the heroine of V. Dahl’s fairy tale “The Picky One,” teach the correct attitude towards food: without whims and excessive pickiness, with gratitude to the one who worked to prepare the food. Learn the games “Pie” and “Kissel”.
Lesson 22. Scarf with a flower in the middle
Target.
Introduce children to Russian headdress using the example of scarves from Pavlovsky Posad. Application from ready-made forms on a colored background - the development of artistic taste.
Lesson 23. Don’t sit in your own sleigh
Target.
Tell about the event in the hut, introducing children to a special folk style of presentation. Introducing a new proverb, pester and fairy tale “The Sun, the Moon and the Raven Voronovich”.
Lesson 24. Shade-shade-shade, have fun all day long
Target.
It's fun to celebrate Maslenitsa. Form an orchestra from household items and introduce them to the fairy tale “The Goat and the Ram.” Continue the topic of treating animals kindly.
Lesson 25. Come, spring, with joy
Target.
Let's all rejoice at the arrival of spring. Name new riddles, chants, songs, “greatness”, games. Tell the popular belief that the sandpiper bird brings winter to a close.
Lesson 26. Spring overcame winter
Target.
Learn to notice the signs of spring. Acquaintance with the folk calendar tale “How Spring Overcame Winter”, with the song “Treacle with Ginger” and others on a spring theme. Collective work “Sun” – learning to work harmoniously and in harmony.
Lesson 27. Little bear woke up
Target.
Introduce new games, remember lullabies and a round dance with a fairy-tale teddy bear during communication. Note another sign of spring: the bear wakes up in its den.
Lesson 28. Help us, Petya, wake up the bear
Target.
Introduce new jokes, sayings, and play with some of them. Repeat the folk game, accompanying the dance one. Introduce the fairy tale “Dereza Goat”, praise the brave cockerel, who always plays a positive role in the folk tale.
Lesson 29. If you want to eat rolls, don’t lie on the stove
Target.
A conversation about spring garden work, laziness and hard work. Learn to understand the humor of folk jokes and nursery rhymes. Getting acquainted with the fairy tale “Bubble, Straw and Shot” in the version presented in the cartoon - teach to be ashamed of your bad behavior and correct it with good deeds.
Lesson 30. Above the city there is a fence
Target.
Learn to make wickerwork. Dramatize the song “Shadow-shadow-sweat.” Play folk outdoor games.
Lesson 31. Ship
Target.
Learn to take care of those in trouble. Introduce the fairy tale “Chuvilyushka” and a dramatization based on the folk tale “The Boat”, play familiar folk games.
Lesson 32. Easter fun
Target.
Introduction to Easter customs and games. Making a two-plane panel. Learn to work and play together.
Lesson 33. The firebird cannot be compared with a birch tree
Target.
Cultivate a love for Russian nature.
Introduce folk tales “Birch and the Firebird”, “How a Goat Built a Hut”, as well as such items as a light, a splinter, a bath broom.
Lesson 34. The rain will soak you, but the sun will dry you
Target.
Acquaintance with folklore about natural phenomena. Learn to take care of a tree. By expressively and emotionally telling “The Tale of the Silver Saucer and the Pourable Apple”, to ensure that children condemn evil and strive for the triumph of good.
Lesson 35. DIY fairy tale
Target.
Continuation of the theme of love for native nature. Drawing with kvachiks together with adults on the theme of the fairy tale “The Magic Saucer”.
Lesson 36. One, two, five and eight, we transport everyone into a fairy tale!
Target.
Activity-entertainment. Remember familiar fairy tales based on the proposed attributes and play them.
Spiritual and moral education of children of senior preschool age in kindergarten
Project “Spiritual and moral education of preschool children”
A spiritual person thinks with his own thoughts, but feels with the feelings of others... .
(L.N. Tolstoy) The spiritual and moral education of the younger generation is a direction that life itself has currently put forward as a priority in the education system.
For a long time in domestic pedagogy, education has been closely associated with the development of the spiritual and moral sphere of creating a person who is thinking, virtuous, merciful, conscientious, who believes in the possibility of improving the world and people, honest, hardworking, modest, respectful, and therefore responsible. Preschool age is characterized by great opportunities for the moral education of children. It is during this period that the child is introduced to culture, to universal human values, and such spiritual principles as love for family and friends, a sense of duty, the desire for virtue, conscientiousness and justice are formed. The formation of moral and ethnic values of one’s native culture from early childhood is the only, and therefore the surest, way to cultivate morality and spirituality. The content of spiritual and moral education includes: • Events in the flow of time: calendar dates, dates of the Orthodox and agricultural calendars, events in the life of a family, city, region. • The fates of people in history (close to the child, participants in historical events). • Development of folk culture and civilization: decorative and applied arts, painting, architecture, costume, household items, equipment, weapons. • The role of events, people, culture, values in the life of the people and the country. The purpose of education is the development of the moral qualities of the child’s personality. Objectives of education: • Cognitive:
1. Create conditions for the child to demonstrate a caring, merciful attitude towards others, to demonstrate the ability to empathy, joy and adequate expression of these feelings.
2. Form impressions about the historical and cultural traditions of the people through theater, games, and fairy tales. 3. Introduce children into the circle of the main Orthodox holidays, show their close and organic connection with folk life, introduce them to the basics of the spirituality of the people and the traditional way of life, as well as the peculiarities of preparing and holding holidays, awaken a sense of belonging to the traditions of our people. 4. Introduce the simplest Orthodox concepts associated with calendar dates, an explanation of their meaning, essence and value in the life and culture of Russians. 5. To form children’s ideas about such concepts as shame, conscience, forgiveness, reconciliation, mercy, honesty, kindness, love. 6. Introduce children to the traditional cuisine of the Orthodox holiday (pancakes, Easter cakes, cottage cheese Easter, eggs, name day pies). 7. To form in children initial ideas about the spiritual world, to introduce basic religious concepts (Nativity and Resurrection of Jesus Christ) • Educational:
1. To cultivate love and respect for the Fatherland: its people, culture, history, shrines, folklore, traditions of the people.
2. To instill in the child a desire to help others, to be truthful, hardworking, and fair. 3. Foster respect for the moral standards of Christian morality. Learn to distinguish between good and evil, good and bad deeds, forgive insults, be responsive, attentive to peers and elders. • Developmental:
1. Develop the intellectual abilities of children;
2. Improve speech: vocabulary, expressiveness, structure and correct construction of phrases; functions (dialogue, descriptive, narrative evidentiary); 3. Develop thinking: analyzing, associative, dialectical; 4. Develop imagination: reproducing, recreating creative; 5. Develop the emotional-volitional sphere: (culture, spiritual response) Didactic means: • Traditions, rituals of folk holidays and the life of Russians; • Epics, fairy tales, proverbs (folklore); • Folk toys; • Houseware; • Items of decorative and applied art; • Books: encyclopedias, booklets, children's fiction on the pages of history; • Photos; • Reproductions, illustrations;; • Schemes, models, symbols (heraldry); • Video, audio products. Methods of working with children: 1. Visual: showing visual demonstration material, excursions, observations, conducting didactic games, watching video materials. 2. Verbal: Presentation of material by the teacher, reading literary works, asking riddles, learning poetry. 3. Practical: Organization of productive activities, games of various types, holidays and entertainment, work activities. Forms of work with parents: • Diagnostic: 1. Questioning. 2. "At the round table." • Informational and methodological: 1. Information stands. 2. Thematic parent meetings. 3. Individual consultations and conversations. 4. Open showings. 5. Production of folders - slides. • Cultural - mass character: 1. Holidays and entertainment. 2. Exhibitions of folk and applied arts. With teachers and staff of preschool educational institutions: 1. consultations; 2. teacher councils, workshops; 3. excursions to the Temple; 4. conversations, debates; 5. selection of works of art with a spiritual and moral orientation for working with children; 6. questioning and testing; 7. preparation and conduct of morning classes. At matinees, there is a traditional holiday dish: Easter cake - Easter cake, Christmas - candy, Maslenitsa - pancakes, etc. The atmosphere of play and celebration, fun, food is perceived by children as an exciting educational activity. It should be noted that during the educational process, teachers have an excellent opportunity to form and direct the moral component of a child’s character. A special role in introducing a child to folk culture is played by folk holidays as a means of expressing national character, a vibrant form of recreation for adults (teachers and parents) and children, united by joint actions and common experiences. Optimal for spiritual and moral education in kindergarten is to hold seasonal musical and play holidays: in the fall - “Fair”; in winter - “New Year”, “Christmas”, “Christmastide”, “Defenders of the Fatherland”. "Maslenitsa"; in the spring - “Mother’s Day”, “Magpies”, “Easter”, “Nobody is forgotten and nothing is forgotten”, “Name Day Birches” (Trinity). Children, together with adults, explore the features of each national holiday. Older preschoolers establish its relationship with seasonal changes in nature, with the work of ancestors in the past and adults in the present, as well as with important dates and events in public life. A characteristic feature of the work to form a spiritual and moral attitude towards cultural heritage and a sense of belonging to it is the introduction of children to peasant culture and way of life. Peasant art enters the life of a modern child along with folk songs, fairy tales, and epics, which is why it is so close and understandable to him. Children of senior preschool age get an idea of the material from which objects of folk and applied art are made. Teachers involve children in the process of making folk toys and other objects, during which children acquire skills in working with artistic materials and the habit of making pleasant and useful things for people with their own hands. Teachers, parents, workers of cultural institutions introduce children to various types of decorative arts (products made of wood, clay, paper, cardboard, sewing, embroidery, weaving, with their everyday and aesthetic purposes. Educators help to understand how people’s favorite activities are related to natural features edges. For example, in Central Russia - this is wood carving, making pottery as necessary household items. Adults introduce children to bells and bells, their purpose. Older preschoolers are told about the role of the bell in the life of their ancestors - to notify about a holiday, a fire, the approach of an enemy , about the arrival of a distinguished guest. The work of moral education does not end with the lesson, because then the children tell their parents what they liked, share food, congratulate their friends and relatives, show drawings at home, compile a photo album about the holidays with their teachers. Often there is a need and in preliminary work with the children, especially before the holidays of Christmas, Easter, and St. Nicholas. Children are read works of fiction for the holiday, taught poetry, and talked about family traditions of the Orthodox holiday. In conclusion, I would like to note: this concept of the work of spiritual and moral education of preschool children allows: • To form a harmonious, spiritually healthy personality of the child. • Develop children's interpersonal communication skills from a position of equality, respect, and mutual understanding. • To cultivate through the means of theatrical and musical art feelings of patriotism, mercy, love of truth, striving for good and rejection of evil
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