Modeling in the educational system of kindergarten
G. Ershov
2020
Fine arts classes with kindergarten students open up ample opportunities for realizing the educational goals of all three areas: teaching, developmental and educational. And in the list of types of artistic activities, one of the key places is occupied by modeling.
What are the benefits of modeling
The human psyche continues to remain very poorly understood. Despite many discoveries and recommendations, it is impossible to make an exact statement in this area - you have to act by generalizations.
However, even according to statistics, plastic modeling has a beneficial effect on both the mental state of the child and his mental and neurophysiological development. The brain of a small person develops only if there is interaction with the outside world.
Children of modern civilization are largely protected from the natural world for safety reasons. Therefore, optimizing interaction is the main task of parents. The tactile sensations that a child receives from the tactile nerves are a powerful stimulating factor that provokes the brain to further development.
Expert opinion
Mikhailova Alevtina Petrovna
Child development teacher
Observations show that children who actively touch objects and play with them develop faster and more fully than those who are deprived of tactile sensations.
Modeling with plasticine, clay or dough is a wonderful exercise that triggers mechanisms for improving the child’s nervous system.
Development of coordination and fine motor skills
A newborn baby's nervous system is not yet strong; he makes many chaotic, “false” movements that are not aimed at performing a conscious action.
At the age of one year, movements become meaningful, but coordination has not yet been developed. The child learns to control his body, and his nervous system works out all sorts of combinations.
Modeling classes can significantly accelerate the development of fine motor skills. Fine motor skills are a combination of the muscular, nervous and visual systems for small operations with the fingers and hands.
At the Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents, it was proven that the projections of the hands are located near the speech centers, therefore the formation of fine motor skills contributes to the development of speech.
Children who regularly engage in modeling - first under the supervision of adults, and then independently - quickly master the necessary everyday skills: fastening buttons, holding and handling cutlery, holding a pen, pencil or brush, correctly assembling construction sets with small parts.
Development of spatial thinking and imagination
Plasticine is useful not only for babies, but also for older children. The desire to replicate the world around us in drawing or sculpture is already an example of higher nervous activity. With the help of modeling, mental and rational qualities are developed, an indirect, visual understanding of the physics of the real world occurs (thin things bend, fall without support, etc.).
Spatial imagination helps a child better navigate in this world, as well as develop his creative abilities.
History of origin
The invention of the modeling substance is attributed to 2 scientists. Franz Kolb invented the material for making models at the end of the 19th century. William Harbutt invented plastic mass
in 1987. It was later discovered that both substances have identical structure and uses. That's why they got the same name.
This is interesting! The first plates were made only in a gray shade. Only years later it gained popularity and the mass began to be painted in different colors.
Now the material is in wide demand. It is used in various industries (modeling, handicrafts, animation, child development, etc.). The use of plasticine has been going on for more than a century. Lots of crafts
and compositions are recorded in the Guinness Book of Records.
Types of materials for modeling
The baby products industry can offer modern parents a variety of products that can be used for modeling. A wide range of plastics includes both the material itself and play sets, which include molds, cutting tools and other related items.
Clay
The most ancient material for modeling. People learned to sculpt from clay even before the development of civilizations. This material is found everywhere, because it is a fine sedimentary rock. You can get it yourself, but it is much easier to buy it at a hardware store or art shop. To work, clay should be mixed with water and kneaded thoroughly - after this it acquires a viscous consistency.
After drying, the clay retains its shape. Unfortunately, it is impossible to produce ceramics—fired clay—at home; this requires a temperature of about 900° C. However, even products made from raw clay can be stored on a shelf for a long time, although they are fragile.
Lifehack. In order to imitate ceramic shine, the sculpted craft is treated with a layer of PVA glue. After drying, the product is covered with a film, which also improves mechanical strength.
True, clay is not suitable for small children - it intensively stains hands and everything around them, and in the process of evaporation of moisture it quickly hardens. But for boys and girls of school age, modeling with clay is already a serious creative process that introduces them to artistic culture.
Gypsum
This material is more suitable for casting rather than sculpting, allowing precise shapes to be achieved with low weight. However, even an infant can find it interesting and educational to leave prints in a trough with plaster.
Expert opinion
Mikhailova Alevtina Petrovna
Child development teacher
The advantage is that plaster products can be painted. The downside is that it dries very quickly.
In order to be able to sculpt with plaster by hand, it is better to purchase special dense sculptural plaster of a yellowish color - it is more flexible and takes longer to dry, but is not sold in construction stores.
Clay-based plasticine
One of the most famous materials of our time. Previously, plasticine was made from clay powder, to which wax, animal oils and powdered natural dyes were added.
Today, polymer compounds are used as additives to purified and bleached clay, which provide the composition with the necessary plasticity and allow it to retain its properties after a long time.
Classic plasticine based on clay (kaolin) is quite hard. Sometimes it is called “Soviet”, but here the difference is more in the composition than in the time of production. The fact is that at that time polymer compounds were not yet known in such quantities, and most importantly, they were not being introduced into the domestic sphere. Therefore, old-style plasticine has good adhesion within the mass and with foreign objects.
It is very dense, and therefore, before playing with it, an adult must knead and roll it out thoroughly. Only after this the kids will be able to sculpt something with their still weak hands.
The advantages of this material are its mechanical strength and adhesion. The man's head will definitely not fall off if it is connected well. The disadvantages are the need for preheating, as well as high soiling.
A well-known “Soviet” way to preserve freshly molded plasticine products is to place them in the freezer for a day. The object will become hard and, even after subsequent thawing, will not fall apart, but will become increasingly hard over time.
Polymer plasticine
Abroad, industrial technologies were used in folk goods as a means of making a profit. This is how polymer plasticine was invented - natural kaolin was replaced by plastic compounds with additives.
This made the material more flexible, homogeneous, and soft. During storage, it does not harden and requires almost no preheating. Its softness allows it to be used even by one-year-old children. Even if they don't make anything resembling the real thing, they can squish the clay in their hands and watch it change shape. It also develops the muscles of the fingers and hand well.
Polymer plasticine is not entirely safe for health. It will not cause acute poisoning, but can cause digestive upset. In addition, a child can simply choke on a large piece of plasticine or stick it up his nose. Therefore, up to 3 years of age, play only under parental supervision!
Today, polymer plasticine has many subtypes: ball, floating, wax and others. Thanks to special ingredients, the properties of plasticine can change: it can be lighter than water, become as sticky as possible, or, conversely, not stain your hands, table and clothes.
Modeling mass
And again polymers are in the service of humans for children's entertainment. Modeling mass differs from plasticine in that, after giving it a shape, it gradually hardens in air.
Depending on the composition, hardening can last up to half a day. All this time, changes can be made to the finished craft. True, the cost of a good mass is quite high. In addition, it is not reusable, which means you will have to buy it again and again.
Play dough
A material that has gained popularity quite recently. Play dough is so named because it resembles regular stiff dough made from flour. The famous Play-Doh brand says that their dough's main ingredients are flour, salt and water.
However, the full composition is kept secret. It is obvious that the outstanding characteristics of a mixture of natural products are given by the dyes and additives that prevent drying and preserve the product from spoilage.
The main feature of play dough is its low adhesiveness. By allowing the child to play with the dough, parents can be sure that the child will not get dirty himself or spoil the environment. Due to its natural composition, play dough is safe to swallow - up to certain limits, of course.
Expert opinion
Mikhailova Alevtina Petrovna
Child development teacher
Unfortunately, play dough has one major drawback - it dries out in the open air, so it should be kept in a tightly closed container.
Kinetic sand
You can also find the names “cosmic sand” because of the special properties compared to ordinary sand or “rainbow sand” because of the pigments, thanks to which the substance in jars and buckets acquires different colors.
Kinetic sand is specially selected fine quartz sand to which special polymer binders have been added.
They give the material special properties: being soft and “flowing” in a fluffed state, sand holds its shape well when compacted.
When compacted into molds, it leaves clear impressions that ordinary wet sand will never produce.
Sand is not called kinetic for nothing: the tactile sensations when playing with it have a calming effect.
Therefore, classes with him are recommended for children with mental disorders, hyperactive and nervous boys and girls. Little fidgets will be captivated by an exciting game for half an hour, or maybe more, giving adults the opportunity to get down to business.
The great advantage of “space” sand is its ability to retain its properties in the open air. Therefore, many parents, having filled the sandbox, no longer collect the plastic mass in a container or bucket.
However, with all the advantages, kinetic sand has its disadvantages or, more precisely, features:
- With long enough use, sand gradually absorbs moisture from children's palms, dirt and dust particles. After a few months of active play, it may begin to smell unpleasant and stick to your hands. This is a clear signal to completely replace the material, since it is impossible to clean it.
- The quality of sand greatly depends on the manufacturer. Considering that both unknown Chinese factories and venerable companies produce this product, one sample can retain its “silky” properties for months, while another begins to stick to your hands after just a couple of weeks of use.
In order for any modeling material to last longer, be more pleasant and functional, it is worth choosing products from trusted manufacturers. A higher price is a payment for the interest and health of the child over a long period of time.
Ideas
Before you start practicing, think about how to do an easy
and educational lesson. It is important to consider what exactly interests the baby. Use additional items (cones, ribbons, beads, etc.). What is made from plasticine:
- Animals
(bear,
elephant,
dog,
snail
and others). - Thematic compositions. For example, on the theme of summer
.
It's hard to find a baby who doesn't love warm days. Draw the sun, sky, flowers
, sea. Show your imagination with your little one. - Trees.
- Vegetables and fruits
. - Sweets. Children especially enjoy making their favorite treats.
- Insects (butterfly, dragonfly).
- Fairy-tale heroes.
- Tanks, planes, cars.
Important! Before preparing for a lesson, consider the age of the child. Make the figures in stages so as not to confuse the baby. He must remember the entire process. Repeat the lesson if necessary.
What to sculpt with children 2 years old
With the youngest
A group of children conducts lessons with
airy
and soft plasticine. Regular paste is not suitable due to its hard structure. It will be difficult for the baby to knead it with weak fingers.
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At first, kids are given easy tasks. Activity ideas:
- Show how to tear material into pieces (large and small).
- Roll the balls. Then flatten them on paper or cardboard.
- Press the balls onto the tortillas in your palms.
- Twist the sausages. They can be twisted into rings.
- Attach plasticine sticks together in a semicircle to form a rainbow.
After mastering basic manipulations, move on to more complex tasks:
Cut large sausages on a board You should get rings.- Cut out various geometric shapes. To do this, make a ball and flatten it on cardboard. Use a knife to cut the mixture into shapes.
- Smear plasticine on a board or paper. Attach any objects (beads, cereals, seeds) to its surface.
Important! Do the exercises for no more than 15 minutes. So that the child does not become overtired. For work, choose 5-6 colors. Don't overload your baby with too many shades.
Lessons for children 3-4 years old
In average
In the group, the kids have already learned how to handle soft
baby
mass. Therefore, you can choose ordinary plasticine for work. The child is already able to make a craft. Activity ideas:
Take a white mass. Ask your child to roll three balls of different sizes. Connect the pieces of the figurine. Use beads to make eyes. The mouth can be made from a red mass, and the nose from orange.
Snowman.- Pizza or pie. Let your child make a bigger brown ball. Then he will flatten it into a cake. You can lay beads, cereals, pasta, rhinestones, etc. on the surface.
- Hedgehog. Make a brown ball in the shape of a muzzle, slightly flattened at the attachment point. Glue it to the back of the pine cone. Pull out the nose from the plasticine and attach a small black ball to its tip. Then add eyes to the animal.
- Polyanka. Take a small lid. Roll out green plasticine evenly at the bottom. Decorate the sides with sausage of any color. Make white legs for the mushrooms. Attach hats with white dots to them. Place the finished mushrooms in the clearing.
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Do such exercises for no more than 20 minutes. But, if the baby wants to continue, give him a little time (5-10 minutes). Kit
Color schemes can be diversified by this age.
