Development of a lesson on the topic: “Paper, its types and properties”
Association: “Creative Workshop”
Head of the association: Medvedeva E.G.
Topic:
Paper, its types and properties.
Target:
familiarization with the types and properties of paper, tools for working with paper.
Tasks:
-introduce students to the history of the appearance of paper, types and properties of paper, tools for working with paper, rules for safe work with tools;
-develop thinking, imagination, fantasy, and speech of students;
- to cultivate hard work, perseverance, accuracy, and respect for nature.
Equipment:
paper samples, task cards, templates, product sample.
Materials and tools:
white cardboard, scissors, colored pencils.
Progress of the lesson:
1. Organizational moment.
Getting students in the mood for work, checking readiness for class.
2.Learning new material.
Paper is the material we will most often work with in class. Today you will learn about what kind of material this is, how it is made, consider the types of paper and its properties. You will also learn about the tools that are used when working with paper.
Let's look at the history of paper. What did people draw on before and with what? With a sharp stone on another stone, with a stick on sand, clay, earth. Why did people draw? This is how people conveyed messages. Primitive people depicted various scenes of their lives on stones, in Ancient Egypt they painted and wrote on the glued stems of a herbaceous aquatic plant papyrus, the ancient Greeks used tablets covered with wax. In eastern countries, silk and clay tablets were used. Our ancestors used birch bark (birch bark), parchment (specially processed cattle hide). The Chinese wrote down thoughts on bamboo tablets, burning out hieroglyphs with a hot awl. Then they began to tie such planks with ropes and it turned out to be a “book”.
Exercise. Game "Complete the figure." Only part of the drawing remains on the rock painting. Draw what it could be.
Later they learned how to make paper. Who knows in what country they learned to make it? Paper was invented in China. From the chronicles it is known that in 105 a man named Cai Lun invented paper. He found a way to make it from the fibrous inner bark of the mulberry tree. For this, the inventor was declared a deity, and a temple was built in honor of this event. Having received recognition, the paper began to be widely used. The method of making paper was kept secret for a long time. Merchants from China gradually spread the paper to other countries. In Europe, paper began to be produced in the 10-11th century, and in Russia in the 16th century. In Russia, a new method of making paper was proposed - from straw. Paper mills gradually appeared.
History of paper for children
M. Ilyin The Chinese invented paper. About 2000 years ago, when the Greeks and Romans in Europe were still writing on Egyptian papyrus, the Chinese already knew how to make paper. Their materials were bamboo fibers, some herbs and old rags. Having placed the material in a stone mortar, they ground it with water into a paste. From this pulp they cast paper. The mold for casting was a frame with a mesh bottom made of thin bamboo sticks and silk threads. After pouring a little slurry into the mold, they began to shake the mold in all directions so that the fibers intertwined and formed felt. The water drained, and a damp paper sheet remained on the mesh. It was carefully removed, placed on a board and dried in the sun. A stack of sheets was finally pressed under a wooden press. The Chinese made paper using this manual method. These people are amazing! From a paper lampshade to a book or a porcelain vase, the Chinese put a lot of patience and ingenuity into everything. The Chinese, before the Europeans, came up with porcelain, printing, gunpowder, and paper. Many years passed before paper reached Europe from Asia. This is how it happened. In 704, the Arabs conquered the city of Samarkand in Central Asia. Together with other booty, they took away the secret of paper making from there. Paper factories appeared in the countries conquered by the Arabs: Sicily, Spain, Syria. There was such a factory, by the way, in the Syrian city of Mambidshe, or, as the Europeans pronounced it, Bambitsa. Along with other oriental goods: cloves, pepper, fragrant oils, Arab merchants brought “bambitsa” - paper made in the city of Bambitsa - to Europe. Our word “paper” probably came from this word. Baghdad paper, which was sold in the form of large sheets, was considered the best. Many varieties were produced in Egypt, ranging from huge sheets of Alexandrian paper to tiny leaves that were used for pigeon mail. This oriental paper was made from old rags. It looked yellowish, with dark spots. Even pieces of rags were visible here and there. Centuries passed before Europe had its own paper mills, or “paper mills,” as they called it then. In the 13th century, such mills could already be found in Italy and France. It sometimes happens that an old document or historical record falls into the hands of a historian, in which the year of its compilation is not indicated. How can I find out this year? The scientist turns to the paper itself for clarification: he holds it up to the light. And then he says: “This letter was written no earlier than 1317, because the paper on which it was written was made in 1317; but this letter was written so many years later.” How did the scientist know this? And what does he see when he holds the paper up to the light? He sees a transparent watermark on the paper. Each master had his own watermark, his own brand. Often the master, in addition to the mark, also put down the year and his last name. There were a wide variety of stamps: a stamp could be the head of a man, and half a deer, and a tower, and a camel, and a glove, and a unicorn, and a lion, and a mermaid, and a winged lion with a bird's head, and a Pope crowned with a tiara, with a key in hand. The watermark was obtained in this way. The paper was cast in a mold with a wire mesh bottom. A figure was also made from wire, which was placed on the bottom of the mold. Where there was wire, the paper was laid out in a thinner layer than in other places. Therefore, when you hold the paper up to the light, you see transparent stripes in the place where the wire mesh was, and a watermark where the wire figure was. The oldest watermark is a circle. When you see this mark on the paper, you can immediately tell that the paper was made in 1301. Paper came to us in the 14th century through Novgorod, where it was brought by Hanseatic merchants. This paper was Italian. In the 17th century, the traveler Barberino visited Moscow. In his diary he writes: “They also decided to introduce paper making and even make it, but they still cannot use it because they have not brought this art to perfection.”
The first Russian paper mill was built on the Ucha River, 30 versts from Moscow. But she didn't work for long. A hundred years later, a paper mill was built again, this time on the Pakhra River, next to the flour mill. The papermaker's assistant was the "grain miller." They started making paper, but in the spring of 1657 “water came from the mountains and began to spoil the dam.” The mill was destroyed. Instead, they built another one, on the Yauza River. The paper was made at this factory in a large size with a watermark depicting the coat of arms of the city of Amsterdam. This is because our “paper millers” tried to make paper based on the Dutch model, which was then considered the best. In the 17th century, we were already using paper in large quantities. It printed books that were sold in the book row in Kitay-Gorod. On it, in the administrative offices, endless statements and formal replies, memorials and decrees, petitions and searches were written and rewritten. Along with the paper, paperwork also appeared, like its shadow. Often some “detective case about witchcraft and corruption” dragged on for years. “And the cases were glued into columns and collected into large annual pillars, which, lying in the chambers, became unstuck and rotted due to dampness, and mice spoiled them. And because of this, many old files, reports and decrees, lying around in different places in negligence, were lost and completely disappeared.” This is what it says in one old “charter” - from 1700. One traveler left us a description of the Moscow office of the 17th century: “Meanwhile, I looked at the office rooms located in the same building. They are all under arches, with small windows and look like dungeons. This time there were only clerks there, sitting two by two on boxes, chairs and benches, some higher, others lower, without any order. I even saw one kneeling. They were all busy writing or sorting out scrolls of papers, which they unfolded and rolled up with great dexterity. These scrolls are long strips made up of sheets of paper, torn and glued along them.” Paper came to us at this time mainly from Holland. Peter I ordered the construction of a paper mill near Duderhof in 1716, and in 1720 a second “mill” was built behind the “Galern Yard”. The paper of these “mills” can be recognized by the watermark: like on the coat of arms of St. Petersburg, anchors were depicted on it. A decree was issued that the paper would be sold at the Admiralty, and this was announced publicly with the beating of drums. Of course, the story of paper does not end there. Much could be said about modern paper mills, where gigantic machines operate - the largest machines in the world, about pulp and paper mills, which, like a fairy-tale giant, daily “absorb” an entire small grove of trees. But this is a separate topic. Here we only talked about the “infancy” and “adolescence” of paper.
