Preschool education. Raising children - methods, programs

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• 20-03-2019
• Author: Mysekret Team
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During this difficult but interesting period, when a child turns from a toddler into a preschooler, the formation of his personality, attitude towards the world around him and his own actions is in full swing. Raising children of this age is a responsible and difficult moment for parents who want to raise a happy and smart person. At this age, the foundation of personality is laid on which the child’s character, skills and abilities will develop.

The essence of the process

Preschool education - what is it? It is simply impossible to answer this question in one sentence. This is a whole complex of actions of people who surround the baby, contributing to his development as an individual. Not only specialists (for example, kindergarten teachers), but also, first and foremost, parents should be involved in raising the baby. It is important for moms and dads to remember that babies are like sponges, literally absorbing everything they see and hear. Therefore, the main task of adults is to create all the conditions in order to raise a smart and happy child.

Peculiarities

What characterizes preschool education in the family? The thing is that young children strive to repeat everything after adults, seeing in them the ideal of behavior. That is why all people surrounding the baby must set an exceptionally correct example. At a minimum, you need to carefully monitor not only your behavior, but also your speech. At home, it is also important to find a middle ground: you cannot be too strict with the child (after all, such behavior often simply breaks the child’s personality), but also not allow permissiveness (this is most often characteristic of lazy parents who do not want to work with the child, explaining their behavior by lack of time).

Problems of raising preschool children

It is natural that all parents face problems in raising children. Children may not succumb to one or another type of upbringing, may not listen to their parents and act in their own way, which sometimes makes you want to give up. However, in the vast majority of cases, such problems arise due to common mistakes that parents make. Eg:

• Hyperprotection . Excessive care, surrounding the child with hypertrophied attention and parents’ worry about every mistake leads to the development of symbiosis or “interpenetration”. In this case, the relationship between parent and child becomes too close and destroys the latter’s personal qualities and character. This signals the parents’ lack of confidence both in themselves and in the child, about the centralization of his personality as the meaning of his own life.
• Totalitarian authority . Often parents put pressure on their child with multiple demands, a ruthless attitude and uncompromising conditions. For them, the child’s success and society’s opinion of him are more important, while the child’s feelings and desires play a much smaller role. Such children can grow up to be insecure, anxious and suspicious individuals.
• Rejection . Various situations happen in life: divorce, difficult childbirth, violence. Not every parent can cope with problems and not associate their child with bad memories. Rejection is emotional in nature and has dire consequences - a child who is tolerated simply because there is nowhere else to put him, suffers educationally, and receives constant punishment and cruel treatment.
• Indulgence . Hyperprotection is the scourge of modern families, where the interests of all participants depend on the wishes of the child. In such a situation, the ability to sensibly assess the situation and treat both successes and failures adequately is lost. The reason for excessive indulgence is not always a strong love for the baby, but also the unmet needs of the parents themselves.

If there is at least one of the problems described above, it is worth switching from the thought “Why is the child not amenable to education?” to the thought “Why can’t I raise him?” The problem must be solved as quickly as possible and the reasons for its occurrence must be looked for in oneself. And in this case, you should not refuse the help of a psychologist, since the reason may lie very deep.

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Main directions

It is also important to say that home preschool education of a child is mainly divided into two large subgroups:

1. Preparing the child for school - education, comprehensive development.

2. Formation of the child’s personal qualities necessary for life in society.

It is much easier for those parents who send their children to kindergarten as early as possible. There, professionals are involved in raising children. However, even in this case, mothers and fathers should not relax, working with the child all the time when he is not within the walls of the preschool institution.

“Children themselves know how to live.” 12 advantages of kindergarten and early socialization

Should a child go to kindergarten or not? Even Hamlet would be jealous of the controversy surrounding this issue. Meanwhile, early socialization of children definitely has its advantages. The author of Daily Baby Maria Makarova talks about at what age psychologists recommend sending a child to kindergarten, what is the difference between Soviet preschool institutions and modern ones, how kindergarten brings families together and 9 more advantages of early socialization.

Communication with peers

Psychologists agree that after 3 years, a child develops an internal need to move away a little from his mother in favor of communicating with peers. And precisely at this age. If you send your child to kindergarten earlier, it will be contrary to the nature and basic psychological needs of the baby.

As Ekaterina Bodrova, a methodologist at the Piccolo school kindergarten , notes, premature socialization can negatively affect the child and his attachment to his mother. It is recommended to enroll in kindergarten closer to 2-3 years of age, when the baby begins to show interest in communicating with peers and therefore can quickly adapt to the conditions and regime in a preschool institution.

“When answering the question of whether to send their child to kindergarten and at what age it is better to do this, parents, as a rule, focus on several indicators:

• on your personal positive or negative past experiences related to kindergarten;
• on the characteristics of your child at the moment - general development, tendency to diseases, nuances of character;
• on the social situation developing around the family - the presence of grandmothers, a place in a good garden.

Sometimes parents decide to abandon the idea of ​​a kindergarten and develop their child before school at home, supplementing his education, for example, by going to various sections. Psychologists say: “This is good, but not enough.” And that's why. From about the age of three, the child discovers a new page of development - he has more opportunities to learn about the world around him, and much more interests. Life is no longer focused on close relatives, the child wants to play and needs play partners. Often parents of three or four year old children who have not yet attended kindergarten complain: “At home he literally drives me crazy! I don’t know what to do to entertain him anymore!”

By going to kindergarten and successfully surviving the problems of adaptation, the child receives a tremendous opportunity for social development. Day after day, learning to regulate his behavior - to dress independently, wait his turn, defend interests, be responsible for his actions, make friends and quarrel - the baby is preparing for adult life with all its diversity. It is simply impossible to gain this experience at home and in extracurricular activities. After all, children come there for a short period of time and for one purpose - to study. But in a kindergarten, life goes on, and only one of the forms of activity in it is the acquisition of new knowledge,” says Vittoria Filinova, a child psychologist at the network of private kindergartens “Interesting Kindergarten.”

The opportunity to feel like a full member of society

According to many psychologists, including Marina Suzdaleva , socialization is the biggest benefit of attending kindergarten.

“In kindergarten, a child learns the norms of social behavior and gains communication skills with children and adults.

Skills that are acquired naturally in kindergarten through games with peers require special efforts from parents in home education. After all, the whole variety of interaction situations available to a child in kindergarten does not fit into standard models of behavior at home, in the sandbox or at a party,” says Marina.

Child clinical psychologist, expert of the PravoNalevo club Maria Levitskaya adds: “When a child enters a nursery or kindergarten, he acquires a new social status, learns to communicate, and develops his sociability. By quarreling and resolving disputes, he learns to compromise, accept the position of another, admit guilt, and find friends.”

As adults, we understand how many skills daily communication with people requires of us. Indeed, it is impossible to simulate all the variety of situations encountered in life in order to explain to a child how to behave in a given case.

Independence

This advantage largely depends on the conditions in which the child is raised at home and how much attention is paid to his independence. After all, parents, and especially grandmothers, often like to surround their child with excessive care. For example, spoon feeding until primary school. In kindergarten, the child, willy-nilly, becomes independent and autonomous: he dresses himself, eats himself, and takes care of his own hygiene.

“A child is a person, and every person deserves respect. In the right environment, both child and adult feel at home, enjoying exploring the world together. The main principles of a proper kindergarten are comfort, openness, attentive and respectful attitude towards the baby. In such a kindergarten, he learns to communicate with adults and peers, to learn and explore this world, to be independent and proactive,” comments Ekaterina Bodrova, methodologist at the Piccolo school kindergarten.

Harmonious development of personality

Another advantage of kindergarten over homeschooling is comprehensive development. According to psychologist Maria Levitskaya, in preschool institutions the schedule is drawn up taking into account all the needs of a little person and is filled with various types of activities. Such an integrated approach to children's development allows parents to spend less time looking for additional clubs, sections or studios and pay more attention to the child.

It is difficult for many parents to believe this, because our personal experience of visiting Soviet kindergartens speaks to us. Elena Sautkina, head of the preschool education department at school No. 1981, is ready to dispel this stereotype:

“We can say with confidence that today’s kindergarten is not the same as it was several decades ago. A modern kindergarten is responsible not only for the pastime and socialization of the younger generation, but also for their full development. Nowadays, kindergartens offer many types of additional education: artistic and aesthetic, physical education and health, social and pedagogical, intellectual. They even thought out five meals a day with dinner to help parents who work a lot.”

Opportunity to identify and develop talents

This plus logically follows from the previous one: if a child gets the opportunity to develop comprehensively, he himself, the teacher or parents can identify talents at a very early age and pay special attention to their development. Of course, in some cases this can be done at home. But only if parents have enough imagination and the means to give their child the opportunity to try himself in a variety of areas.

“The kindergarten is an opportunity to develop the child’s abilities and talents in the proposed clubs and sections, which are compactly located in one place. That is, mom doesn’t have to drive around the city all day at a crazy pace. My children were very lucky: they had a great garden. There they also attended a chess club - a teacher came from Botvinnik’s school on Vorobyovy Gory. They also organized a dance club - a teacher came from the Palace of Pioneers. They drew, sculpted, learned to read and write. We had an extraordinary teacher. He rode a scooter around the garden with the children, sat and made Easter cakes with them in the sandbox, and went out in warm weather to draw outside. To organize this at home would require much more effort and money,” says Olga Mitkina, a children’s writer and twice-mother.

Possibility of child development according to the chosen system

This point does not apply to state kindergartens, but is an important advantage of institutions working under the Montessori, Nikitin, bilingual education and other systems. After all, if parents decide to raise a child according to one of these systems, then at a certain stage it is impossible to create an ideal environment for this at home.

The ability to quickly “catch up” with peers for children with developmental delays

For this reason, parents, on the contrary, often prefer homeschooling to kindergarten. Here, again, we are not talking about government institutions - in most cases, it will be quite difficult for children with special needs, if only because such children need increased attention from the teacher and the absence of ridicule from their peers. Although there are exceptions.

“My children went to the state speech therapy garden and until recently it was very cool. There are 14 people in the group, qualified teachers with specialization in defectology, a speech therapist and classes, classes, classes! They even asked to bring me with snot, if without a fever: they gave me pills and sent me to the physiotherapy room for warming up. And the group’s attendance was 100% almost all the time!

Children with speech development delays not only reached the normal level in 3 years, but also went through the entire 1st grade program - they read perfectly, wrote in block letters, understood all this wild phonetics, on which they now base teaching the Russian language at school, studied three preschool math workbooks from Peterson. And a lot, a lot of speech therapy: almost every day they had personal assignments pasted into large notebooks, and every evening we memorized something, repeated it, automated it, told it through pictures, and colored it. Overall, it wasn't perfect, but it was great. And for absolutely ridiculous money!” - says journalist and mother Katerina Smirnova.

There are other situations when a child is left with his grandmother, who, due to her health, cannot walk with him and do enough work. Formally, there is someone to look after the baby, but in this case, homeschooling cannot compare with kindergarten.

“Due to circumstances, my friend’s child began to lag behind his peers, and his mother sent him to a private kindergarten at the age of one and a half years. The pleasure is not cheap, but for 6 children there are 3 teachers, including a native speaker of a foreign language, a Montessori teacher and a methodologist. The child receives maximum attention, he is taught simple things that his grandmother did not do at home - just potty training and weaning from a pacifier. They also take her out for walks, teach her independence, and develop her. As a result, the baby “catches up” with her peers in terms of development,” says engineer and mother of a one-year-old son Anna Zaitseva.

Minimizing exposure to gadgets

We won’t dwell here for long - I wrote about the conditions and how many minutes a day a child can use gadgets in the material “Computer Addiction: Should I Give Gadgets to a Preschooler?” I will only note that due to the increased employment of modern parents, children have an attention deficit, which is often replaced by electronic and computer games, and television. And in kindergarten, children are always busy with something, communicate with each other and teachers, learn new things and play a lot, which is undoubtedly more useful than endlessly “hanging out” in front of a tablet screen.

Strengthening the immune system

An important, although quite controversial, point. Many parents are convinced that children in kindergarten get sick endlessly and this, on the contrary, negatively affects their health. Of course, at home the risk of catching ARVI or another infection is less than in a preschool institution. However, pediatricians argue that the formation and strengthening of immunity occurs better in a group of children, where the baby is exposed to powerful attacks.

“Garden is an adaptation of a child’s immunity to life in modern society. It seems to me that those who attended kindergarten get sick less in elementary school. At least this is what I see in my children,” says psychologist, children’s writer, mother of two children Olga Mitkina.

“The issue of frequent childhood illnesses disappears if the preschool institution complies with all the rules of hygiene and health-improving activities. It is very important to observe the temperature regime, ventilation regime, taking walks and getting involved in sports,” Ekaterina Bodrova, a methodologist at the Piccolo school kindergarten, shares her experience.

Family bonding

In my opinion, this is not the most obvious, but undoubtedly a very important point. A huge number of events are held in kindergartens: matinees, competitions, competitions, to which children come with their parents. Thus, no matter how busy mom and dad are with work, at these moments their attention is completely devoted to the family. And this is very important for a little person. In addition, this allows the child to gain the desired public recognition of his talents and merits.

“In kindergarten, special attention is paid to working with fathers and mothers to unite the family. Parent-child clubs are being created, sporting events are held, such as “Dad, Mom, I am a Sports Family”, musical and literary competitions, which help children and parents spend more time playing together, participating in competitions and feeling like a real team. After all, for preschoolers, play activity is the main one, and it is necessary to encourage it in every possible way,” notes Elena Sautkina, head of the preschool education department at school No. 1981.

Help in adapting to school

A good preschool department will help parents prepare and adapt their children to school. As psychologist, writer and mother Olga Mitkina notes, the garden greatly helps the child find many new friends and learn to build relationships between people. Later, this aspect will help when entering school. It will be easier for a kindergarten child to adapt to a new team than his peer who was sitting at home.

“My daughter ended up having about half of her kindergarten class in the same class, which kept the stress of her first time at school to a minimum,” she recalls.

Opportunity for professional self-realization for mom

Perhaps, I deliberately left one of the most common arguments in favor of kindergarten for dessert, because it still does not relate directly to the child. Yes, we are talking about self-realization for mothers, which is only possible if the baby goes to kindergarten. There is absolutely nothing wrong with the fact that even after the birth of a child, a woman wants to remain a sought-after professional and live a fulfilling life. Because everything should be fun. Someone finds themselves in motherhood and feels that this completely exhausts their purpose. But some people don't. And, above all, it is better for the child himself when the mother is happy, affectionate and gentle with him in those hours after kindergarten when they spend time together. Because a tired woman, cursing everything in the world, yelling at her child has never made anyone happy.

“Both of my daughters go to a private kindergarten, which is primarily due to the fact that I, as a mother, have the right to personal fulfillment. Having children is not a sacrifice of the mother’s life. Such times are long gone. I also want to realize myself and be a socially active person, but at the same time I want and can be a normal, adequate mother who loves and cares for her children. We chose the garden for a long time and painfully. And, of course, the state one did not suit us. It was rare to hear from any of my acquaintances that they were completely satisfied with the state. garden.

We changed 4 institutions and eventually found a private kindergarten with a swimming pool 3 times a week, English 2 times a week, gymnastics, additional sections for a fee, as well as music classes and concerts. Perfect! Both daughters went to this kindergarten in different groups. As a result, they stopped getting sick, they raced into the garden, began to speak some words in English, the eldest learned her letters, and in the evenings they showed us gymnastic sketches.

Our task as parents in such a situation is to create a friendly atmosphere at home to which children will want to return. We are aware of all the loves of our eldest daughter, because they trust and share. At home, I am slowly teaching my daughters how to cook and instilling the habit of doing household chores. In a word, we are friends. I don’t force them to learn anything, but in the form of a game we repeat the material they learned in kindergarten, or we learn poems or sing songs.

I'm not against mothers who stay at home with their children and teach everything themselves. However, I believe that children under constant parental control are not very capable of making decisions themselves as adults. I went through this and now I want to give my children the understanding that they are free, they must make their own decisions and be responsible for them. And we just give them an understanding of what is good and what is bad, so that there are guidelines. With our love, we do not squeeze, do not infringe, do not decide for children, based only on the fact that we are their parents and know how to live for them. Children themselves know how to live. And we must give them the strength to believe that their choice is the right one!” — director, screenwriter, mother of Yesenia and Darina Inna Novikova is sure.

Instead of results

“Should I send my child to kindergarten or not? In each specific case, it is necessary to decide individually, taking into account not only the personal characteristics of the child, indicators of his physical and mental health, as well as the requirements of adults for the preschool institution. If parents need to free up time for work without worrying about the safety and leisure of the child, then the garden, of course, is a reasonable solution. Moms and dads who are ready to always be close to their children, communicate with them, play, can completely do without it. However, whatever choice you make, dear parents, remember: the little man, first of all, needs your sincere and unconditional love and support, which no one and nothing can replace!” — says psychologist, specialist in early development and preschool education Irina Shalyapina.

When starting to attend kindergarten, any child experiences serious stress. It is extremely important that parents make a decision consciously, thoughtfully, after weighing the pros and cons. In this article, I only talked about the positive aspects of early socialization. But there are also negative ones - there are many of them, they are very significant. You can get acquainted with them in the article “Municipal Children's Hell, or Why You Shouldn’t Send Your Child to Kindergarten.” It is also important that parents need to develop a single, agreed-upon point of view on this issue. Otherwise, the child will immediately feel that you doubt the advisability of him attending kindergarten. This will affect his own desire to go there and the speed and nature of his adaptation to the new team.

Despite all the pros and cons of attending kindergarten that I have outlined, your child’s opinion should remain the decisive argument when making a decision. Because if he experiences the first long separation from his mother too much, even the best kindergarten in the world will not make him happy. And this is the most important thing - the happiness of our children.

Municipal children's hell, or Why you shouldn't send your child to kindergarten

“Stand in a corner and think”: the main mistakes in raising children

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Experts: Ekaterina Bodrova Vittoria Filinova Elena Sautkina Irina Shalyapina Marina Suzdaleva Maria Levitskaya

Read more

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• “We’re not in Italy here, you won’t give birth for 30 hours.” Childbirth experience in Rome and Moscow

Basic methods

Preschool education is carried out on the basis of basic methods. There are four large groups of them:

1. Formation of personality consciousness. Here, conversations, stories, conversations, and lectures are most often used. This method is aimed at developing and enriching the consciousness of children, at providing them with extensive knowledge about the world around them. The main tool in this case is the word. The personal example of parents is also very important.

2. Communication, organization of joint activities, gaining experience. Basic tools: exercises, creating educational situations, actions.

3. Methods of motivation and stimulation. Basic tools: encouragement, punishment. This also includes various types of competitive actions.

4. Methods of control, self-control, and self-assessment. At this stage, the child is taught to evaluate himself, to correlate his own actions with the requirements.

With the help of all these methods, the upbringing of children is ensured: the children’s behavior is corrected, personal qualities are formed, and valuable life experience is gained. It must also be said that all of them are aimed at the full development and education of a person as a social unit.

Mental development

Raising a preschooler consists of many important components. So, the first of them is the mental development of the child. People surrounding the baby must do everything to ensure that the baby learns something new at every step. You need to constantly talk to your child, tell him about everything that is happening around him. The most important is the so-called why period. At this time, parents should give their baby the most accurate answers to questions that interest him. The thing is that at this time the child easily remembers all the information that comes to him from the outside. It is also good to send your child to study a foreign language at this time - the results will be simply amazing.

Physical education

The physical education of the child is also very important. From a very early age, a child should be taught to exercise moderately. A good place to start is with morning exercises. A child aged three years and older will be happy to repeat simple movements after his parents. You can also harden your child - this will benefit him. And, of course, you need to teach your child to play sports. It is recommended to introduce him to various sports sections, giving preference to those sports in which the child has some success (as well as a desire to practice). Physical education at this stage of life and development plays a very important role, since it is at this time that the foundations of a healthy personality are laid in the child.

Voskobovich games

Educational games created by physicist-engineer Vyacheslav Voskobovich. They represent a developing environment of different zones and elements, united by one fairy-tale plot.

What principles does it work on?

• It is based on three principles: interest, knowledge and creativity. This builds cognitive and research skills.

• Games are developed in accordance with the interests of the children. Each can be used by children from 2 to 7 years old; for younger children the tasks are simpler.

• The developmental environment “Purple Forest” has been developed for games, with several zones in which the child fulfills certain needs.

What goals does the child achieve?

The main goals of technology are learning new things, developing the ability to observe, building confidence, a harmonious approach to the development of emotionality, imaginative thinking and logic.

What should a teacher be like?

• The teacher must understand the material: know the games, be able to build a plot.

• The teacher must involve the children in the game; some time must be spent getting to know its rules.

• The teacher does not evaluate the completion of assignments. Each age has its own level; if you can’t cope, you can move on to an easier one.

Aesthetic education

It is important for parents to remember to focus on aesthetics. You need to teach your child to listen to music, enjoy the sounds of nature, look at the colors in artists’ paintings, and analyze the behavior of fairy-tale heroes and cartoon characters. At this time, it is very important to give maximum explanations to the child on issues that he does not yet understand. And you don’t need to think that it’s too early for a baby at this age to visit an art gallery or a puppet theater. It's about time. This is the only way to develop good taste and proper manners.

Areas of development of a preschool child

The four to six year period is the time of the first age crisis in a person’s life. At this age, children begin to rethink their usual life and actively follow the example of their parents and adults. And the main task of the parent at this time is to form in the child a sense of responsibility for the actions he commits. In addition, it is necessary to develop a child according to the following principles:

• Physical education;
• Intellectual;
• Moral;
• Social;
• Labor.

For the correct formation of a healthy personality, education must be carried out according to all principles at once.

Physical education

It is not for nothing that the saying “A healthy mind in a healthy body” is so popular among teachers. Numerous studies have shown that children who are healthy, physically active and have good vitality learn information faster and better. Therefore, physical development is the first area in which it is necessary to raise a child. Teachers recommend:

• Provide your child with a strict daily routine and teach him to adhere to it independently;
• Start the day with exercise and exercise;
• Walk with your child in the fresh air every day, without passing by playgrounds and exercise equipment;
• Provide him with accessories for active recreation: bicycle, scooter, balls, comfortable running shoes;
• When the child reaches the required age, choose a sports section that will not only provide further physical education, but will also please the child.

If initially the parents’ task is to ensure physical development, then by the age of seven the child must take care of it mostly independently. In addition, it is extremely important that the child understands the importance of physical development.

Intellectual

The most important component of psychological education is intellectual development. This is a set of pedagogical actions, the purpose of which is to develop the mind of a growing child through the transfer of experience, knowledge, skills, abilities, as well as the norms of behavior inherent in the generation, rules and assessments.

Depending on the age of the child, intellectual development is divided into stages:

• 1-3 years;
• 4-6 years;
• 6-7 years.

At the beginning of the first or second year of life, the baby’s intellect develops according to the principle of visual and effective thinking. He explores the new world in a tactile, gustatory and olfactory way. The goal of parents at this age is to introduce the baby to new objects and ways to use them.

By the age of four to six years, thinking changes to visual-figurative. While still unfamiliar with any concepts, children create visual images about them. During this period, the most important condition for upbringing and development is a good atmosphere in the family, where parents love and are ready to answer all questions and needs.

After six years, the child’s thinking becomes more playful. During this period, for the purpose of intellectual education, education can be organized in the form of games that promote concentration, imagination and creation: feeding dolls, modeling from plasticine, drawing, board games. In addition to such games, there must be logic games, the purpose of which is to form mathematical functions of brain activity: puzzles. mosaic, constructors.

Moral

Moral education consists of explaining the norms and rules of behavior. Understanding these norms is individual for each parent; we can only recommend ways in which morality is instilled at different ages:

• Until the age of 1 year, children do not understand what is “good” and what is “bad,” and parents can only show them the correct model of behavior by their own example. By showing affection and love, parents cultivate confidence and positive thinking in their child.
• Until the age of 2 years, the main tactics of parents should be to prevent situations in which the child might act “badly” instead of scolding him for it. For example, close the closet instead of scolding the child for getting into it, not going to the store before eating so that he does not eat sweets and does not ask to buy them. Avoid complex disciplinary measures and think ahead.
• Between 2 and 4 years old, children have difficulty understanding abstract things: truth, generosity, support. Give your children real examples, simple metaphors, and firmly stop bad behavior, doing it calmly and kindly.
• Between 4 and 5 years comes the most favorable time for strengthening moral standards. Children already have an excellent understanding of abstract concepts and easily absorb various examples, especially those that are nearby. At this age, kids want to be like the people close to them and make them happy, so well-deserved praise and encouragement motivates them in the best possible way.
• After 6 years, social responsibility begins to develop. At this age, the child needs to be explained that other people have rights that must be respected, as well as set boundaries and rules of behavior in society.

Further work on moral education is carried out after 7 years and here parents are helped, and in certain cases, unfortunately, school, friends and other people interfere.

Social

The process of social education of preschoolers includes the transfer to them of a system of values, norms of behavior and generally accepted knowledge about society, and depends on the culture, nation and characteristics of the place of residence. Moral norms, value orientations and standards of behavior are determined for a child, first of all, by his family, thereby shaping his personality.

The nature of communication among preschool children is non-situational and cognitive: children are interested in many different issues, and speech becomes their main means of communication. The desire of children of this age is to gain knowledge about the world that surrounds them by asking adults questions and observing their behavior. At the same time, one’s own path of knowledge is formed—personal. A child needs to compare himself and other people with each other, so a critical aspect of social education at this age is communication with peers and adults.

It is most convenient to carry out social education within the framework of games: the nature of a child’s actions can say a lot about his temperament and methods of influencing others. By observing him during games, you can identify the pros and cons of your baby's social skills.

Labor

Labor education is another important factor in the development of psychological responsibility. In preschool age, responsibility, skills and desire for work are formed, so it is extremely important to accustom a child to work, starting from 4-5 years. Parents' activities should include the following:

• Assistance in determining work goals;
• Discussion of the labor process;
• Discussion of the morality of work and its purpose: why and for whom it is being done, what it will give;
• Teaching a child how to plan step-by-step activities: how to correctly perform a particular task step by step;
• Awakening interest in work and nourishing it;
• The discussion of the results;
• Encouraging the child’s efforts, interest and desire to work;
• Checking and evaluating the progress of work and its results together with the child;
• Involving a preschooler in a joint labor process;
• Setting the right responsible example;
• Help with advice or deed;
• Awakening the child’s initiative to make decisions and start working.

Labor develops intelligence, attentiveness, memory, concentration and observation in a four to six year old child, and also has a positive effect on health.

Labor education

Labor education of children is no less important element than all those described above. No wonder there is such a saying: “Work ennobles.” By doing something with his own hands, the child begins to realize how difficult it is. Also at this time comes an understanding of the value of human labor. It is necessary to encourage the child's very first attempts to help his parents. Even if, for example, washing dishes takes an hour longer, the baby will learn useful skills faster. And the baby will not lose the desire to help his parents (the opposite situation: the child wants to help, but the mother brushes it off, citing lack of time).

Development of intellectual abilities

In the development of a child’s personality, the process of forming logical and intellectual abilities plays a fundamental role. Of course, heredity also influences this, but modern pedagogy is focused on the principle that the mental potential of each child can be adjusted in a positive direction. In this aspect, it would be nice for the child to be taken to some kind of preschool institution (kindergarten, creativity school, special early development school). But parents themselves can give their child a lot in terms of intellectual development. There is no need to overload the child. Within the framework of such training it will be enough:

• learn short poems;
• to form primary arithmetic skills;
• learn the alphabet and comprehend the first basics of reading;
• learn useful skills (use a watch, call parents, make purchases, care for pets).

It will not be difficult for parents to do such things with their child, and this is very important for his development.

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About fine motor skills

Already at this stage, it is extremely clear to most parents how important preschool education is. Activities with the baby - that’s what else moms and dads need to think about. And the very first home lessons should be aimed specifically at developing the baby’s fine motor skills (it should be developed from the age of six months). Why is this so important? It's simple: people have many receptors on their fingertips that are directly related to brain activity. Scientists have long proven that the development of fine motor skills in children directly affects the speech of the baby. What can be used:

1. Finger gymnastics. It’s great to learn a few rhymes, saying them each time. This way the baby will also train his memory.

2. Games with small objects. Under adult supervision, a child can sort through various small things and toys.

3. Sorting. A great activity: pour semolina into your child’s bowl and mix it with peas. Next, give the baby the task of finding all the peas. In addition to the fact that the process will captivate the child for a long time, it will also train fine motor skills.

4. Tactile games. The child should be allowed to try by touch as many objects of different textures as possible. Plastic figures, metal parts, and various rags are suitable. At the same time, the baby will not only learn colors, but will also experience the world by touch.

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The most common methods of preschool education today also deserve special attention:

1. Nikitin’s technique. It is based on such postulates as work, creativity, naturalness and love of nature. At the same time, the child studies exactly as much as he wants, the environment is as sporty as possible, and parents take an active part in the educational process. All games using this method should expand and become more complex over time.

2. Maria Montessori's method. This is a whole pedagogical system, the main motto of which is the phrase “help me do everything myself.” The scientist believes that the baby’s entire environment should be filled with the most useful objects that serve a specific purpose. The games proposed by this system are aimed at developing sensory skills, speech, as well as teaching reading, writing and mathematics.

3. Glen Doman's technique. The favorite phrase of this American physiotherapist, which became the motto of the educational system, is: “Without facts there is no knowledge.” The scientist believes that the baby should be introduced to the maximum number of facts, structured into sections and categories.

4. Zaitsev’s technique. A very common way of teaching reading today is with the help of Zaitsev’s cubes. The scientist believes that it is much easier for a child to learn to read while playing than sitting at a desk. The unit of reading according to this method is not a familiar word, but a syllable - pairs of vowels and consonants.

5. Walfdor method. When studying preschool education and training, one cannot ignore this direction, since it is precisely this direction that is most aimed at developing the creative abilities of children. With kids you need to sculpt, embroider, build – do everything using natural materials. In addition, a lot of attention should be paid to the physical development of children.

6. Voskobovich technique. It is based on the close relationship between a child and an adult. The activity is aimed at the creative development of the child, learning while playing.

7. Zankov's technique. It is recommended to give the baby as much attention as possible. It is most often used when it is necessary to work with children who have problems learning the material.

Taboo

The child's preschool education program should exclude certain points that parents should always take into account:

1. Modern psychologists do not recommend using physical punishment on a child. You need to try to remain calm in any situation, without showing your weaknesses to the baby. In addition, physical punishment does not lead to the child realizing his mistakes. Only conversation, conversation - this is what will help a parent raise an adequate person.

2. It is not recommended to scare a child. And if you do this, then only competently. You can’t say to the baby, “I’ll give you to someone else’s uncle” or “I’ll leave you here alone.” This creates a lot of fears. You can say the following: “You will be without sweets/toys/entertainment for a whole week).”

3. You can’t stop talking to your baby, just start ignoring him.

4. As a punishment, it is not recommended to force the baby to stand or sit still.

Peculiarities of children's psychology

It is also important for parents to know about the psychology of their children at different stages of development in order to take into account what problems they may encounter.

1. Age 3-4 years. A rather difficult period that requires the patience of parents. An adult must know how to interest a child, how he can be involved in the chosen activity. It is also worth remembering that the desire to do one thing for such guys can quickly disappear.

2. Age 4-6 years. This is a fairly calm period when it is interesting to work with the baby and organize educational lessons. The baby is already old enough to keep his attention on one subject for a long time; he is interested in many things. In addition, the child is almost independent; at this stage he does not require the constant presence of an adult as an observer.

3. Age 6-7 years. The period of active growing up of a child. The child begins to show character and may resist the wishes of the parents. A lot of patience and the ability to negotiate are the main rules for this period of a child’s preschool development.

Features of raising preschool children

The process of raising a child at this age is carried out in two directions:

• Personal development;
• Preparation for school.

One cannot but agree that education should include approaches from both points of view. It is important both to teach your child good things and develop character strengths, and to prepare him for school life by instilling responsibility and social skills.

See also...

✅ Subtleties and secrets of family education of children

✅ Psychology of raising a child from 1 year to 2 years

✅ Tips on how to raise a boy to be a real man

✅ Raising children from 0 to 3 years old tips

Psychological characteristics

In raising children, parents usually use three main psychological models. Most often they are used separately from each other, but each model has its pros and cons.

The authoritarian model is clearly visible when a parent strives to achieve from a child a result that is convenient for him, putting his own opinion above the child’s opinion. The child's disobedience or failures are punished, and correct actions are approved. The advantages of this model include:

• The child clearly understands the parent’s instructions;
• Full understanding of responsibility for one’s actions and the consequences of performing a task incorrectly.

There are many more disadvantages, and their consequences are very noticeable:

• Getting used to the parent’s authoritarianism, the child takes his opinion on faith and stops thinking with his own head;
• The action of the authoritarian model gives rise to the child's fear of his parents;
• The child becomes uninitiative and imitates the behavior pattern of his parents.

Inductive method - in the process of education, communication takes place with the child, during which the solution to the problem is found with him. The child learns to make decisions and draw conclusions himself, and also takes on some responsibility. The advantages of the inductive method include:

• Early development of responsibility;
• The child quickly begins to learn to think and think for himself;
• The child takes initiative;
• It turns out that he is more prepared for life.

There are several disadvantages to induction:

• A complex and subtle approach to application - a parent cannot always understand when responsibility can be transferred to the child;
• At the fragile age of 4-6 years, the words “decide for yourself” or “everything is in your hands” may not be entirely appropriate;
• If you shift too much responsibility onto a child, he may feel lonely and lose faith in himself.

The model of criticism or hatred is a common model that many adults use, most of them unconsciously. The moral in this case is different for everyone, but the model is the same: in case of bad behavior, the child is punished by silence or resentment of the parents and forgiveness does not occur until the child realizes the mistake and asks for forgiveness. It is difficult to attribute anything to the advantages of this technique, but they are:

• Development of, albeit a very painful, but clear sense of responsibility for one’s actions;
• The child weighs his every action and asks himself whether he will be scolded for it;
• At a subconscious level, boundaries are set in behavior that the child should not go beyond.

There are several disadvantages, but they are quite destructive:

• A child can receive psychological trauma due to constant feelings of fear, anxiety and doubt; feelings of guilt can haunt him almost every second;
• It becomes much more difficult for a child to trust his parents and fear of them leads to isolation.

Any of these models in their pure form can harm the child’s psyche. However, with a harmonious combination of pros and cons, you can find the perfect balance.

Basic Rules

If we consider the actively promoted principles of pedagogical education in modern conditions, it turns out that the methods that were relevant during the Soviet era are outdated. The method of instilling feelings of guilt and shame, belittling children's authority, coercion and prohibitions have not only lost their popularity, but are also considered negative. Nowadays, psychologists recommend basing the educational process on mutual respect and trust between children and adults.

Teachers recommend that all parents apply simple rules when communicating with their children:

• Respect the personality of the child, do not allow any kind of violence towards him and do not humiliate him;
• Control, but give freedom of choice;
• From an early age, provide children with the necessary conditions so that the process of mastering skills and knowledge occurs efficiently;
• Helping the child make a choice or conclusions, explain to him all the pros and cons;
• Set rules and requirements, taking care of the child’s positive attitude towards them;
• Communicate as much and as often as possible with the child in order to develop mutual understanding and develop subconscious skills, the formation of speech and social culture;
• Develop responsibility and confidence in children, supporting any endeavors and initiatives;
• When choosing a model of education, organize the unity of the pedagogical process, demanding that other close adults support it;
• Take into account the age, abilities, character and temperament of the preschooler;
• Avoid prohibitions and false promises;
• Gradually, as the child grows, give him more independence;
• Work on yourself in order to be the best example for your child.

At first glance, these rules are simple and understandable, but compliance with each of them is extremely important for a preschooler to grow up developed and capable.