Development of general speech skills in preschool children through speech therapy games

A child’s speech development is a complex and lengthy process, which includes enriching vocabulary, understanding spoken words, and the ability to express one’s own thoughts, feelings, and desires. Each age has its own leading activity and its own norm of speech development. Speech development also includes the ability to compose sentences, phrases, and change words by cases and tenses.

What is normal speech development

Psychologists and speech therapists distinguish three main periods in the development of speech:

1. Preparatory (from birth to 1 year).
2. Pre-school (from one year to 3 years).
3. Preschool (3 – 7 years old).

They are broken down into smaller stages. In each period, a child - with normal speech education and development - must master certain communication skills and learn specific things. For example, by the age of 3-4 years, a child’s vocabulary should already reach 3000-4000 words. The older the child, the more extensive and varied his lexical baggage should be, the easier it becomes for him to communicate with others. If some stage is missed, development is stopped (for example, by the age of three the child is still at the “booming” stage), then the norm has been violated, it is necessary to turn to specialists for help.

Parents need to know the norms of speech at a certain age and develop these skills, without overestimating them, but also not underestimating them. At first, you should not overload your child with learning poems and songs that are not appropriate for his age.

What influences the proper development of speech?

There are two groups of factors that influence speech development:

1. Biological.
2. Social.

The first include various pathogenic factors that can harm proper development: complex intrauterine development, brain infections and injuries, hearing impairment, heredity.

The second group is a combination of the child’s internal development processes and external conditions that are specific to each age stage. For example, the early separation of a baby from his mother sometimes causes emotional instability, impulsiveness, and behavioral disturbances. And this, in turn, leads to speech disorders.

Good conversation is influenced by examples and role models. The child first hears how they speak in the family, so he begins to try it himself. In order to correctly assimilate words during play activities, the child first accumulates impressions - this is the basis for future images and connections with them in speech. The development of gross motor skills also affects the correctness of conversation. The development of speech skills is influenced by the language a child learns to speak. An attempt to master several languages ​​at once may slightly slow down a child’s development; his speech may develop more slowly.

In no case should a child be punished for mistakes in speech, teased or corrected with irritation. This can cause withdrawal and reluctance to try further.

The role of the family in the formation of speech reserve is key. Parents study poems and songs, recitations with their child, teach the child to speak at the right speed, and respond to his attempts to carry on a conversation.

Proper speech development is promoted by:

• Emotionally positive environment;
• Peace of mind in the family;
• Moderate sound communication between loved ones (no shouting);
• Feeling of security in the family;
• Patience of parents towards the child;
• Sensitive and friendly behavior of kindergarten teachers.

Age 4 to 5 years

The child knows and uses many nouns, verbs, adjectives in speech, uses generalizing words, names animals and their cubs, people’s professions, and selects antonym words. The ability to form words develops. With the help of adults, a child can retell a familiar fairy tale. In their statements, children begin to use the structure of compound and complex sentences. By the age of five, almost all age-related irregularities in pronunciation disappear. The sounds L and R may remain unformed.

Main stages of speech development

Speech refers to the highest mental function. It depends on how developed the central nervous system is. It is both a means of communication and the basis of thinking. From the moment of birth, the baby finds himself in a social environment, which means he begins to listen and learn to communicate with the outside world. To be sure that development is going in the right direction, you need to know the norms and pathologies of speech for each age stage.

Speech of a child from 2 months to a year

This stage of development can be roughly divided into three stages.

1. Booming. From 2 to 5 months. The child begins to intonate his cry, indicating his condition. Humming sounds appear, they are combined with vowels, they arise in communication with parents, and this is the child’s first conscious communication with adults (agu, agi, ge, aa, uh). At the same time, you can see the first smile, hear the child’s first laugh.
2. Babble. This period lasts the longest - about seven months, up to one year. Syllables appear (la, yes, pa), word chains (pa-pa, la-la-la), and then the first words, for a start - consisting of identical syllables (pa-pa, ba-ba, ma-ma) . The speech apparatus is already configured to perform various movements, and unique sound combinations are heard (ma-ma-ma, la-la-pa).
3. First words. By the first year of life, the child learns to pronounce his first words. Usually there are about 20-25. And they consist of the same syllables. During this period, the child begins to correlate what he says with specific actions, people, objects (the appearance of his mother - “ma-ma”, etc.). At this time, the baby is very actively engaged with toys, learns their names, is able to hear, perceive and find the desired object, not yet being able to name it independently (he will not say that it is a “cat”, but will find a cat among the toys).

Ideally, by the end of the first year of life, speech becomes the child’s main way of communicating with adults.

How to help your child learn to speak correctly and well

Norms of speech development from 1 year to 2 years

The next year of the baby’s life is a continuation of the previous stage. The first 12 months have prepared the articulatory apparatus, and the child is already actively using his own words. He knows how to imitate animals and everyday sounds around him. The following stages of development are distinguished:

• The child recognizes individual objects and understands questions regarding them: “where is the cube?”, “where is the girl?” etc. It can accompany its action with words and sounds. “Talks” with other children using sounds and imitation.
• The baby knows the names of objects and their qualities, emotional assessments. The first meaningful words: cat “meow-meow”, dog “aw-aw”, etc. Sounds may be skipped.
• Understands simple sentences that call for action: “Let’s go eat,” “Give me, please,” etc. Words generalize concepts, for example, “av-av” means all dogs at once, not a specific one. There are already about 30-40 words in the vocabulary.
• By the age of one and a half years, he pronounces almost all vowels and some consonants. Some of them soften. Sound substitutions occur (“ko” – milk). The dictionary has been expanded to 40-95 words. Speech is dominated by gestures, sounds, and facial expressions.
• Imitates adults as much as possible. He turns to them with requests: “Dad, give me!” Knows how to connect words into sentences: “Katya wants la-lya” (a doll). Speech becomes self-sufficient, gestures and facial expressions disappear.
• Knows how to replace incorrectly pronounced words with the correct ones: “la-la” - “doll”. By the age of one year and 9 months, he normally knows about 175 words, using 3-4 in sentences.
• Listens to fairy tales, poems and songs, distinguishes words by sounds (does not confuse mustache and ears). Indicates your actions during the game. Uses pronouns and adjectives.
• Recognizes words that relate to events in his own life. “We are going for a walk in the park, where we met a big dog.” Speech develops very actively when playing with dolls and animals. By the age of 2, the dictionary contains about 300-400 words. Most often - noun and verbs. Adverbs are added: here, here.

Norms of speech development for children aged 3 to 4 years

The writer Korney Chukovsky called this stage in a child’s life a period of “brilliant linguistic giftedness.” At this time, kids are engaged in a kind of creativity: they come up with their own words and names, entire structures, rhyme, compose, create concepts known only to themselves. What characterizes this age for speech:

• The vocabulary already contains 1500–2000 words. The norm is some distortion of difficult to pronounce words, rearrangement of syllables.
• Sentences are built from three to four words; at 4 years old he can pronounce common sentences.
• Complex and even complex constructions and homogeneous members are used.
• They actively use adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, and numerals.
• He can already pronounce vowels without making them soft. Phonetic errors are still the norm. For example, hissing ones are replaced by whistling ones.
• Difficulties arise with the letters “l” and “r”.

• The speech is generally not very coherent; there are some descriptive elements (“This is a cat. She drinks. She is soft.”).
• They easily remember and repeat poems, nursery rhymes, and songs by heart.
• An understanding of the rhythm and volume of speech comes. But kids are not yet able to regulate them on their own.
• They know how to reason and draw conclusions.
• State your first name, last name, patronymic, and the names of relatives and friends.
• Summarizes objects into groups, determines the signs of objects (hot tea, sweet honey) and actions (mom is sleeping, dad has come).

Norms of speech development from 4 to 5 years

At four years old, a child’s language is varied and precise, emotionally vivid. He asks questions and is happy to read and listen. And:

• The vocabulary consists of 2500-3000 words.
• Accurately names objects and their qualities.
• He comes up with his own words and even poems.
• There are many adjectives and prepositions in speech.
• There are more personal pronouns
• A child can form a logically correct statement from several sentences.
• Monologue speech and retelling are mastered.
• Able to clearly and colorfully describe an object, picture, or toy.
• Almost all sounds are pronounced correctly (there may be exceptions with “L” and “R”; they take the longest to form).
• Able to reduce sound volume and speak in a whisper.
• He doesn't speak quickly.
• Uses expressive intonation to read poetry.

Norms of speech development for children 5 – 7 years old

By the age of six, a child can already speak freely with peers and adults. Ideally, by the age of seven, he is ready to master the school curriculum and does not experience communication difficulties. What characterizes this period:

• Many collective nouns and adjectives appear, denoting states and abstract concepts.
• Knows how to use general concepts (“Transport” is an airplane, a bus, and a car).
• Knows and distinguishes between seasons, plants, animals, berries, mushrooms, birds, fish, etc.
• Knows where right is left; how much time.
• Uses the names of days of the week, days, months.

• Knows the name of the country and capital.
• Operates with geographical concepts.
• Knows the rules of pedestrian traffic.
• Declines nouns according to numbers and cases.
• Able to agree nouns with numerals, and adjectives with nouns.
• Uses all parts of speech correctly
• Speech is coherent, able to retell a fairy tale or story.

By the age of seven, there are almost no errors in speech, all sounds are clear, the accents are correct.

GCD on sound culture of speech in the preparatory group

Ages 3 to 4 years

Children talk a lot and use phrases of 3-4 words in their speech. The order of words in a sentence or their agreement may still be disrupted. At this age, the child names his first name, last name, and gender. Determines color, shape, texture, taste, using definition words. Distinguishes and names toys, pieces of furniture, clothing, dishes, food, and animal body parts. Tells about what he saw in 2-4 sentences. Listens to long tales and stories. Follows a two-part instruction (“Give me a big bear and a red ball”). Normally, children of this age still have deficiencies in the pronunciation of a number of words, especially long and unfamiliar ones.

Speech therapy classes for speech development

Independent activities with your child to develop and strengthen communication skills can be done at home.

• Fine motor games (finger)
• Articulation gymnastics
• We develop hearing, onomatopoeia and logorhythmics (poems with various movements).
• Games for hearing development, games for sound imitations and logorhythmics (poems with movements).
• We learn and read poems to expand our vocabulary.
• Speech imitation. Show a model of behavior (birds, mothers, cats) and ask the child to reproduce with the necessary sounds (the cat purrs “purrr...”)
• Poems with action. Tell a poem, illustrating it.
• Reading.
• Development of fine motor skills. For example, decorate clothes with clothespins and ask the child to take them off.
• Mandatory sensory development (use taste, touch, smell in games).
• Guess which object is ringing; guess where the sound is coming from; imitate everyday sounds.

Muscle strengthening exercises

• "Smile". Stretch your lips in a smile, hiding your teeth. Hold for up to 30 seconds.
• "Fence". Smile so that all your teeth are visible. Hold the smile.
• “Punish the tongue.” Open your mouth a little, put your tongue on your lower lip, slap it with the sound “five-five-five.”

Parents' mistakes

Often it is the inattention of parents that leads to disturbances in the child’s speech. The main mistakes that are made in the family:

• Lack of help for the baby. Parents do not pay attention to communication.
• Adults “lisp”, distorting speech, giving the child the wrong role models.

The child remembers that his parents like his soft, childish pronunciation and is in no hurry to get rid of it, thus receiving love.

• Ignoring developmental delays.
• Reluctance to correct speech (including your own, for example, pronunciation defects, haste).
• Poor speech experience in a child. The baby is simply not taught to talk, and it is difficult for him to communicate, he does not know how to do this.
• Parents are tired and not ready to talk; it is easier for them to provide their child with a computer or phone with games.
• Adults read little to children.

Age 2 to 3 years

Children's vocabulary is expanding rapidly. The child uses verbs and adjectives more widely and begins to use pronouns and prepositions. Using adjectives, he not only denotes the sizes of objects, but also names their colors, qualities, properties, shape (red, bad, hot, round). Normally, children of this age still have constant errors in gender, number and case of nouns; they do not always use conjunctions and prepositions. The pronunciation of words becomes more accurate, and although many words are pronounced distorted, the child’s speech is quite understandable to others.

When to see a speech therapist

There are several conditions under which you need to seek help from a specialist.

1. There is no humming or babbling.
2. By two years, the vocabulary is completely undeveloped or the child does not speak at all.
3. Does not pronounce simple sounds or replaces them (“k” with “t”, etc.).
4. If by the age of three the baby speaks a language that only he understands.
5. The child understands everything, reacts to everything, but does not speak.
6. If at 4-5 years old speech is slurred, many sounds are not pronounced.
7. If after the age of five the child continues to speak softly (“kisya”).
8. By the age of six, individual sounds are not pronounced correctly.
9. Speaks with hesitation, repeats syllables, stutters.
10. A child over 6 years old cannot learn a poem or retell what he heard.

The way a child talks speaks volumes about his mental health. And if there are any hints of deviations from the norm, it is best to contact a specialist. He will tell you whether it is possible to straighten your speech at home or whether you need classes with a doctor. If correct speech is not formed by the age of seven, problems with learning and communication may arise, which will reduce the child’s quality of life in the future.