Objectives of education in the senior group in accordance with the “Childhood” program
Anna Davydova
Objectives of education in the senior group in accordance with the “Childhood” program
Tasks of education in the senior group.
Game activity. 1. Develop the ability to play together with peers
plot development: first through the transfer of familiar fairy tales and stories in the game, then through making changes to a familiar fairy tale plot (introducing a new role,
actions, events, and subsequently - through the addition of new creative plots.
2. Enrich the content of children’s story games based on familiarity with
phenomena of social reality and people's relationships to activate the imagination based on the plots of fairy tales and animated films.
3. Improve the ability to follow game rules in didactic,
active, educational games.
4.Develop the ability to cooperate with peers in different types of games: formulate your own point of view, find out the point of view of your partner, compare them and agree on them using argumentation.
The world of social relations 1. Cultivate a friendly attitude towards people, respect for elders , friendly relationships with peers, a caring attitude towards children 2. Develop good feelings, emotional responsiveness, the ability to distinguish the mood and emotional state of people around and take this into account in your behavior.
3. Foster a culture of behavior and communication, the habit of following the rules
culture, be polite towards people, restrain immediate
emotional impulses if they cause inconvenience to others. 4. Develop positive self-esteem, self-confidence, self-esteem, and the desire to follow socially approved norms
behavior, awareness of the growth of one’s capabilities and the desire for new achievements.
Cognitive development. 1. Develop interest in independent knowledge of the objects of the surrounding world in its various manifestations and simple dependencies.
2. Develop analytical perception , the ability to use different methods of cognition: examination of objects, establishing connections between the method of examination and the knowable property of the object, comparison on various grounds (externally visible and hidden essential features, measurement, ordering, classification.
3. Develop the ability to reflect the results of knowledge in speech, reason, explain, give examples and analogies.
4. Foster an emotional and value-based attitude towards the surrounding world (nature, people, objects)
.
5. Support the creative reflection of the results of knowledge in the products of children's activities .
6. Enrich ideas about people, their moral qualities, gender
differences, social and professional roles, rules of relationships between adults and children.
7. Develop the child’s ideas about himself, his skills, and some features of the human body.
8. Develop ideas about your hometown and country, civic and patriotic feelings.
Speech development
1. Develop monologue forms of speech, stimulate speech creativity
children.
2. Enrich children’s understanding of the rules of speech etiquette and
promote the conscious desire and ability of children to follow them in the process
communication.
3. Develop the ability to observe communication ethics in a collective environment
interactions.
4. Enrich children's vocabulary by expanding their understanding of the phenomena of social life, relationships and characters of people. 5. Develop the ability to notice and kindly correct mistakes in the speech of peers.
6. Cultivate interest in written forms of speech.
7. Maintain interest in storytelling on your own initiative.
8.Develop initial ideas about the features of literature: about
childbirth (folklore and original literature, types (prose and poetry, about diversity
genres and some of their characteristics (composition, means of linguistic expression)
.
9. Contribute to the development of understanding of the literary text in its unity
content and form, semantic and emotional subtext. Artistic and aesthetic development.
1. Intensify the manifestation of an aesthetic attitude towards
the surrounding world (art, nature, household items, toys, social phenomena)
.
2. Develop artistic and aesthetic perception , emotional response to
manifestations of beauty in the surrounding world, works of art and one’s own
creative works; contribute to the development of aesthetic assessments and judgments.
3Develop ideas about the genre and species diversity of art,
promote children's mastery of the language of fine arts and artistic
activities, to form the experience of perception of various aesthetic objects and
works of art. 4. Develop aesthetic interests, aesthetic preferences, desire
learn art and master visual arts.
5. Maintain children’s interest in literature, enrich the “reader’s”
experience
children through works of more complex genres of folklore and literary prose
and poetry 6. To cultivate literary and artistic taste, the ability to understand the mood of a work, to feel the musicality, sonority and rhythm of poetic texts; beauty, imagery and expressiveness of the language of fairy tales and stories.
7. Improve the skills of artistic perception of the text in its unity
neighing and form, semantic and emotional subtext.
8.Develop initial ideas about the features of literature: about childbirth
(folklore and original literature, types (prose and poetry, about diversity
genres and some of their specific features (composition, means of linguistic expression)
. 9. Enrich children's auditory experience when familiarizing themselves with the main genres of music.
10. Teach children to analyze the means of musical expression.
Physical development. 1. Develop the ability to consciously, actively, with proper muscle tension perform all types of exercises (basic movements, general developmental 2. Develop the ability to analyze (control and evaluate)
your movements and the movements of your comrades.
3. To form initial ideas and skills in sports games and exercises. 4. Develop creativity in motor activity 5. Instill in children the desire to independently organize and conduct outdoor games and exercises with peers and children. 6. To develop physical qualities in children: coordination, flexibility, general endurance, reaction speed, speed of single movements, maximum frequency of movements, strength. 7. Form ideas about health, its value, healthy habits that improve health, and measures of prevention and health protection. 8. To form a conscious need for physical activity and physical improvement, to develop a sustainable interest in the rules and norms of a healthy lifestyle, health-saving and health-forming behavior. 9. Develop children's independence in performing cultural and hygienic skills and vital habits of a healthy lifestyle.
The Development program is focused on developing children's mental abilities and creativity. Classes on speech development and familiarization with fiction include three main areas: 1) familiarization with fiction (reading poetry, fairy tales, stories, conversations about what you read, play improvisations based on the plots of the works you read); 2) mastering special means of literary and speech activity (means of artistic expression, development of the sound side of speech); 3) development of cognitive abilities based on familiarization with children's fiction. Mastery of different aspects of speech occurs in the context of familiarization with works of art. The idea of the unity of sensory, mental and speech development is clearly expressed and implemented. In the middle group, preparation for learning to read and write is set as an independent task, and in the senior and preparatory groups - learning to read (Development Program. (Basic provisions). - M., 1994.)
The “Childhood” program contains special sections devoted to the tasks and content of children’s speech development and familiarization with fiction: “Developing children’s speech” and “Child and the book.” These sections contain for each group a description of the traditionally distinguished tasks: the development of coherent speech, vocabulary, grammatical structure, and the education of a sound culture of speech. The program is distinguished by the fact that at the end of the sections, criteria are proposed for assessing the level of speech development. It is especially important that it clearly identifies (in the form of separate chapters) and meaningfully defines speech skills in different types of activities.
“The program for the development of speech for preschool children in kindergarten” was prepared on the basis of many years of research conducted in the speech development laboratory of the Institute of Preschool Education under the leadership of F. A. Sokhin and O. S. Ushakova. It reveals the theoretical foundations and directions of work on the development of children's speech skills. The program is based on an integrated approach to speech development in the classroom, the relationship of different speech tasks with the leading role of the development of coherent speech. Within each task, priority lines are identified that are important for the development of coherent speech and verbal communication. Particular emphasis is placed on the formation in children of ideas about the structure of a coherent utterance, about the methods of connection between individual phrases and its parts. The content of the tasks is presented by age groups. This material is preceded by a description of the speech development of children. The program significantly deepens, complements and clarifies the standard program developed earlier in the same laboratory (See: Ushakova O. S. Program for the development of speech for preschool children in kindergarten. - M., 1994.)
General characteristics of environmental education programs for preschool children
Introducing preschoolers to nature in modern programs. Program structure. General characteristics of the content of preschoolers’ knowledge about nature, its structural components.
In the “Childhood” , the section “A child discovers the world of nature” involves a thorough acquaintance of children with a wide variety of phenomena from the life of plants, animals, and their communities. The program material (for each age) includes four content blocks: the first - information about plants and animals as representatives of wildlife; children learn the features of the external structure and vital functions of the body (nutrition, breathing, etc.), the connections of living beings with their environment, their uniqueness are revealed to them. The second reveals to children the mechanisms of adaptive relationships between living organisms and their environment; children become familiar with the properties of various environments in detail, they form an idea of groups of animals living in a homogeneous environment. The third block of knowledge about the growth, development and reproduction of plants and animals familiar to children; children gain an understanding of the sequential changes in organisms and the cyclical nature of the process. The fourth block is knowledge of an ecosystem nature; Children are introduced to plants and animals living in the same community and interdependence. Children will also learn that a person can influence communities of living organisms in different ways - he can destroy them, or he can support them.
Based on this program, children of senior preschool age form a large number of different generalizations - grasses, shrubs, trees, living, nonliving, seasonal changes, fish, birds, animals, habitat, etc.
In the “Rainbow” , “The World of Nature” is a component of the cognitive development of children, within which they are given information, develop cognitive processes, form an attitude towards the world around them - all together creates in children an image of the world, a holistic view of the environment. The methodological material of the program contains a significant number of lessons about plants, animals, planet Earth and the structure of the solar system. Children are given a lot of geographical knowledge and exotic information (about the nature of Africa, about dinosaurs, etc.), based on seasonal observations, “portraits” of each month are compiled, children are introduced to the history of watches, calendars, and globes. Preschoolers receive a lot of interesting knowledge, but not enough environmental knowledge. Children learn to contemplate nature, to respond emotionally to its state, but it is also important to comprehend what they see, to understand what it means. The program includes educationally attractive facts about the world and nature, but they cannot provide children with an understanding of the nature directly surrounding the child or develop a value-based attitude towards it. The frequent use of the verbal method - the teacher's story, explanation instead of observations - cannot contribute to this.
“We” program involves traditional types of children's activities - observation, modeling, work in nature, play, creativity and construction. The author connects the manifestation of ecological and universal culture in children with their content and results. Of particular importance is the environmental activity included in the 4th section of the “ABC of Ecology”, which can be carried out by older preschoolers in all seasons of the year. This is not only an attentive attitude towards insects, rare species of plants and animals, not only feeding birds in winter, but also careful attitude towards them in the spring (at a very important time when they hatch chicks), saving the planet’s resources (water and electricity), caring to one’s health and taking care of the environment in which children live in kindergarten.
Program “Our home is nature.” Developed by N. A. Ryzhova (Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences). The main goal of the environmental program “Our Home is Nature” is to educate from the first years of life a humane, socially active, creative personality, capable of understanding and loving the world around us, nature and treating them with care .
The program contains a basic component, which is specified taking into account local conditions: ecological-geographical, national-cultural. The “Our Home is Nature” program consists of ten blocks. Each includes teaching and educational components - knowledge about nature and the development of various aspects of children’s attitude towards it (caring for it, the ability to see beauty, etc.) Half of the program (five blocks) considers the area of inanimate nature (water, air, soil, etc.) , three blocks are devoted to living nature - plants, animals and the forest ecosystem, two - to the interaction of man with nature.
“Our Home is Nature” is an original program that ensures continuity in environmental education for preschoolers. Particular attention is paid to the formation of a holistic view of nature and man’s place in it. Children form their first ideas about the relationships that exist in nature and, on this basis, the beginnings of an ecological worldview and culture, a responsible attitude towards the environment and their health.
Great importance is attached to the moral aspect: the development of ideas about the intrinsic value of nature, an emotional positive attitude towards it, the development of the first skills of environmentally literate and safe behavior in nature and everyday life. Children also acquire initial skills that allow them to participate in feasible practical activities to protect the nature of their native land. The program is designed to work with children of senior and preparatory school groups (5-7 years old). It is at this age that children acquire the ability to comprehend cause-and-effect relationships and abstract thinking, which is necessary for understanding the relationships that exist in nature. The content of the program and the methodology of work take into account the psychological and physiological characteristics of this age. All material is presented in a form that is accessible and attractive to children.
“Young Ecologist” program One of the first in the 90s was S. Nikolaeva’s “Young Ecologist” program, created on the basis of her own Concept of environmental education for preschool children. “Young Ecologist” is a program aimed at developing the beginnings of an ecological culture in children aged 2-7 years in a kindergarten.
The main goals of the subprogram: familiarize children with the world around them: the diversity of plants, animals, seasonal phenomena, human activities in nature; formation in the child of a conscious and humane attitude towards natural phenomena, objects and living beings; developing skills in caring for the inhabitants of natural areas.
The ecological approach to introducing children to nature is based on the main pattern of nature - the adaptation of living organisms to their environment. Main components of the program: transfer of KNOWLEDGE about the world around us, formation of ATTITUDE towards nature
The content of the program reflects a biocentric view of nature, traces the relationship of the organism with the environment in various aspects as natural manifestations of the morphofunctional adaptability of favorite plants and animals to the environment, as a change in the forms of the adaptive relationship of the organism with the environment in the process of its ontogenetic development, as the similarity of different living beings living in a homogeneous environment.
The Young Ecologist program includes:
conceptual scientifically based psychological and pedagogical view on the problem of environmental education of preschool children;
an ecologically sound approach to the construction of content and teaching methods, selection of forms of work, both in kindergarten and in the family;
training of personnel, especially educators and ecologists (increasing the level of environmental culture, environmental literacy and environmental and pedagogical readiness to work with children);
technology for the formation of the beginnings of ecological culture in all age groups.
The beginning of work on environmental education of children in kindergarten is the correct organization of the natural zone, that part of the premises and area of the preschool institution where plants grow and any animals are kept.
A. Veresov’s program “We are earthlings” aims to develop elements of environmental consciousness in children; it demonstrates the universal interconnection of nature, man and his activities. the goal of the program is to create conditions for the development of the foundations of environmental awareness among older preschoolers; consciousness is based on a value-based attitude to the world, a system of personal meanings.
“We are Earthlings” program is based on a philosophical concept based on the idea: education is the introduction of a growing individual to culture.
Program objectives:
providing conditions for the development of semantic positions, the most important of which is the position of an earthling;
creative self-expression of the child and teacher;
development of the child’s abilities;
enriching children with knowledge.
The program is based on three approaches: natural science, naturalistic and humanistic (humanitarian).
The essence of the natural science approach is that ecology is considered as a part of biology that studies in specific aspects the problems of interaction between an organism and the environment. This approach could be called “survival ecology.” And if the system of environmental education is built on the basis of such an approach, then its goal cannot be anything other than protection from the destructive influences of the environment. Note that the natural science approach in the full sense becomes possible only in middle and high school age, when children begin to study biology. The most favorable period for the formation of structures of consciousness (primarily reflexive) is the senior preschool and junior school age.
Naturalistic approach. It could be defined as “environmental ecology,” because it is based on the study of how the environment dies and is destroyed under the influence of human activities. If environmental education is built on the basis of this very popular and extremely important approach, then its goal will not be able to go beyond the scope of practical ecology (cleanup activities, environmental landings, etc.). Of course, such programs and events are necessary.
Principles.
Scientificity. This principle presupposes that preschoolers become familiar with a body of basic environmental knowledge, which serves to form the foundations of a worldview and to develop cognitive interests. Preschoolers can and should form a system of scientific concepts about nature, but their content can be explained through preschool activities. Experience shows that most preschoolers are very interested in nature. However, they often draw this knowledge from advertising, cartoons, and fairy tales. Thus, surveys of children in the older group showed that more than 50% of children are sure that the mole eats strawberries (commercial), 94% of children claimed that the hedgehog eats apples, mushrooms, and nuts.
Availability. Scientific terms should not be used in teaching preschoolers, although the content of some of them can be explained in an accessible and attractive form (vessels are living tubes).
The principle of the educational and developing nature of knowledge. Thus, children master the properties of various natural objects: sand, clay, water, snow, ice, which helps them in constructive play activities. Knowledge about the animal organism, its needs in certain environmental conditions, and ways to satisfy needs makes work in nature conscious and stimulates an active position. Knowledge about nature is also of great importance for the development of cognitive activity.
Humanity. formation of a person who knows the basics of consumer culture, cares about his health and wants to lead a healthy lifestyle. The content of environmental education should also contribute to the formation in the child of ideas about man as a part of nature, and to cultivate a respectful attitude towards all forms of life on the planet.
Predictiveness. As a result of environmental education, children form elementary ideas about the relationships that exist in nature and, on the basis of these ideas, the ability to predict their actions in relation to the environment during games, work in nature, and everyday conditions.
Activity. Ecological knowledge should help the child understand what needs to be done in order to preserve the environment around him and his loved ones. He must necessarily take part in feasible nature-oriented activities.
Integration. the integrated nature of knowledge about nature as such, secondly, consideration of nature as a means of comprehensive development of the child’s personality, thirdly, the peculiarities of the organization and methodology of all work in a preschool institution. At the preschool level, the implementation of this principle is carried out in the greening of all activities of the teaching staff and the greening of various types of children's activities.
Constructivism. This principle is especially important when selecting the content of knowledge about nature specifically for preschoolers. Only neutral, positive or negative-positive information should be used as examples for preschoolers. The latter assumes that by citing negative facts about human influence on nature, the teacher is obliged to show the child a positive example or a probable way out of the situation under discussion. It is extremely important to emphasize what exactly the child himself, his family, and kindergarten can do, and give examples of successful problem solving, preferably using the example of his immediate environment.
Regionalism. When working with preschoolers, preference should be given to the principle of regionalism rather than globality. Studying global problems - acid rain, thinning of the ozone layer, etc., information about which is sometimes included in the content of classes, seems inappropriate. In most cases, a teacher can explain the essence of global problems only through conversation.
Systematicity. The most effective seems to be the formation of a child’s knowledge system and the organization of a system of various types of children’s activities.
Continuity. The problem of continuity in the content of knowledge about nature lies in: - orderliness, - selection of the main components of this content, - their correspondence to each other, - implementation of the principle of consistency at all levels of preschool education and primary school, - development of a system for increasing the complexity of knowledge, depending on the age of the children.
General characteristics of environmental education programs for preschool children
The cultural and environmental education program “Semitsvetik” (V.I. Ashikov, S.G. Ashikova) is aimed at ensuring the holistic and comprehensive development of the child’s creative abilities, environmental culture and morality based on the integrated use of different types of arts and the organization of children’s creative activities. The program consists of two basic blocks: “Nature”, which reveals the interconnection of elements of natural nature, and “Man”, which introduces children to “man-made” nature, the spiritual values of their people and world culture.
“Young Ecologist” program (S.N. Nikolaeva) is to lay the foundations of a value-based attitude towards nature, one’s health, things and materials. This attitude is based on an understanding of the dependence of the life of nature and man. A significant place in the program is devoted to creative processes: perception of works of art, verbal and literary creativity, drawing illustrations for stories and fairy tales, making homemade books, etc.
The content of the program “We are earthlings” (N.K. Veresova) is integrated around the idea of “introducing a growing personality to culture.” The goal of the program is to create conditions for the development of an ecological culture through the formation of an attitude towards one’s home as an unconditional value, and in connection with this, understanding one’s place and role in the world, realizing one’s responsibility for it. A child and an adult jointly discover and master the means accumulated by Culture (games, fairy tales, folklore, painting), use them for creative self-expression in poetry, drawings, etc.
In the program “Our Home is Nature” (N.A. Ryzhova) attention is paid to the formation of value orientations, perception of oneself as a part of nature, awareness of the relationship between man and nature; discovering the value of communicating with nature. Priority is given to joint practical activities of the teacher and children. A significant place in the program is occupied by artistic and aesthetic activities: drawing, modeling, design, etc.
The goal of the program “The Planet is Our Home” (I.G. Kelavina) is to develop in children a sense of the beauty of nature, the discovery of its diversity and uniqueness, fragility and durability, the formation of a positive emotional attitude towards nature through expanded interaction with objects of the surrounding world. The natural environment acts as a source of formation of bright artistic and musical images in children. Through observations and experiments, reading fiction and ethical conversations, labor and artistic-productive activities, children become familiar with nature and learn to see its beauty.
The “We” program (N.Ya. Kondratyeva) is aimed at understanding the diversity of human connections with nature. The content unfolds from the knowledge of the internal connections of living things to the development of external connections of the organism and the environment and further - to the disclosure of the diverse connections of living things in the ecosystem. Children develop ideas about the integrity and intrinsic value of nature. The means of forming an emotionally positive experience of communicating with nature are observation, modeling, play, drawing, and design.
In the content of modern environmental education programs for preschoolers, the emphasis is on developing in children an understanding of the unity of man and nature, which contributes to the psychological involvement of the individual in the natural world, making it environmentally friendly.
